1. Institute of Medicine, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997; Weinstock H, Berman S and Cates W, Jr., Sexually transmitted infections among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2004, 36(1):6-10; Chesson HW et al., The estimated direct medical cost of sexually transmitted diseases among American youth, 2000, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2004, 36(1):11-19; and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 26th ed., Elk Grove, IL: AAP, 2003, pp. 238-243.
2. Miller W et al., Prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among young adults in the United States, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2004,291(18):2229-2236.
3. AAP, 2003, op. cit. (see reference 1); Hillis SD et al., Recurrent chlamydial infections increase the risk of hospitalization for ectopic pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1997, 178(1):104-108.
4. Whittington WL et al., Determinants of persistent and recurrent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in young women: results of a multi-center cohort study, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2001, 28(2):117-123; Rietmeijer CA et al., Incidence and repeat infection rates of Chlamydia trachomatis among male and female patients in an STD clinic: implications for screening and rescreening, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2002, 29(2):65-72; Richey CM, Macaluso M and Hook EW, Determinants of re-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1999, 26(1):4-11; Hillis SD et al., Risk factors for recurrent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1994, 170(3):801-806; and Xu F et al., Repeat Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women: analysis through a surveillance case registry in Washington State, 1993-1998, American Journal of Epidemiology, 2000, 152(12):1164-1170.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2002, Atlanta: CDC, 2003; CDC, Recommendations for the prevention and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, 1993, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1993, 42(RR-12):7-8; and CDC, 1998 guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted disease, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1998, 47(RR-1):1-118.
6. Elster AB, Comparison of recommendations for adolescent clinical preventive services developed by national organizations, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 1998, 152(2):193-198; Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Guidelines for Health Supervision III, Elk Grove Village, IL: AAP, 1996; Elster AB and Kuznets NJ, AMA Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS): Recommendations and Rationale, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994; and U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Screening for chlamydial infection: recommendations and rationale, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2001, 20(3S):90-94.
7. National Committee for Quality Assurance, HEDIS 2000, , accessed Nov. 3, 2004.
8. Ellen JM, Lane MA and McCright J, Are adolescents being screened for sexually transmitted diseases? a study of low income African American adolescents in San Francisco, Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2000, 76(2):94-97; and Mangione-Smith R, McGlynn EA and Hiatt L, Screening for chlamydia in adolescents and young women, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 2000, 154(11):1109-1113.
9. Bearman PS, Jones J and Udry JR, The National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health: research design, Chapel Hill, NC: Carolina Population Center, 1997, , accessed Nov. 3, 2004; and Resnick MD et al., Protecting adolescents from harm: findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health 1997, Journal of the Americal Medical Association, 278(10):823-832.
10. Des Jarlais DC et al., Audio-computer interviewing to measure risk behaviour for HIV among injecting drug users: a quasi-randomized trial, Lancet, 1999, 353(9165):1657-1661.
11. Santelli J et al., Reliability in adolescent reporting of clinician counseling, health care use, and health behaviors, Medical Care, 2002, 40(1): 26-37.
12. Klein JD et al., Developing quality measures for adolescent care: validity of adolescents' self-reported receipt of preventive health services, Health Services Research, 1999, 34(1):391-404.
13. Ellen JM, Lane MA and McCright J, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 8).
14. Mangione-Smith R, McGlynn EA and Hiatt L, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 8).
15.. Burstein GR et al., Missed opportunities for sexually transmitted disease, human immunodeficiency virus, and pregnancy prevention services during adolescent health supervision visits, Pediatrics, 2003, 111(5):996-1001.
16. Cook RL et al., Barriers to screening sexually active adolescent women for chlamydia: a survey of primary care physicians, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2001, 28(3):204-210; and Torkko KC et al., Testing for chlamydia and sexual history taking in adolescent females: results from a statewide survey of Colorado primary care providers, Pediatrics, 2000, 106(3), , accessed Nov. 3, 2004.
17. Cook RL et al., 2001, op. cit. (see reference 16); Torkko KC et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 16); and Millstein SG, Igra V and Gans J, Delivery of STD/HIV preventive services to adolescents by primary care physicians, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1996, 19(4):249-257.
18. Cook RL et al., 2001, op. cit. (see reference 16); Torkko KC et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 16); Ziv A, Boulet JR and Slap GB, Utilization of physician offices by adolescents in the United States, Pediatrics, 1999, 104(1):35-42; and Leone PA et al., Chlamydia screening practices of primary-care providers—Wake County, North Carolina, 1996, 1997, 46(35):819-822.
19. Fisher M, Marks A and Trieller K, Meeting the health care needs of suburban youth: review of a clinical service, Pediatrics, 1998, 81(1):8-13.
20. Cook RL et al., 2001, op. cit. (see reference 16); and Ziv A, Boulet JR and Slap GB, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 18).
21. Klein JD et al., Access to medical care for adolescents: results from the 1997 Commonwealth Fund survey of the health of adolescent girls, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1999, 25(2):120-130.
22. Sugerman S et al., Family planning clinic clients: their usual health care providers, insurance status, and implications for managed care, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2000, 27(1):25-33; and Ford C, Best D and Miller W, Confidentiality and adolescents' willingness to consent to STD testing, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 2001, 155(9):1072-1073.
23. Ziv A, Boulet JR and Slap GB, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 18).
24. Leone PA et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 18).
25. English A and Ford CA, The HIPAA privacy rule and adolescents: legal questions and clinical challenges, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2004, 36(2):80-86.
26. Udry JR and Chantala K, Missing school dropouts in surveys does not bias risk estimates, Social Science Research, 2003, 32(2):294-311.