Volume 29, Issue 3
September 2003
|
Page 112

Comparing the Quality of Three Models of Postabortion Care in Public Hospitals in Mexico City
Deborah L. Billings Jaime Fuentes Velásquez Ricardo Pérez-Cuevas

First published online:

CONTEXT: Each year, an estimated 120,000 women in Mexico seek treatment in public hospitals for abortion-related complications—the country's fourth leading cause of maternal mortality. Models of postabortion care emphasizing counseling and provision of contraceptives have the potential to improve the quality of care these women receive.

METHODS: Between April 1997 and August 1998, women treated for abortion complications in six Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) hospitals in the Mexico City metropolitan area were surveyed. Data related to patient-provider interaction, information provision and counseling were analyzed for three models of care: sharp curettage standard care, sharp curettage postabortion care and manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care.

RESULTS: Women in the two postabortion care groups rated the quality of services they received more highly than did those receiving sharp curettage standard care. A significantly greater proportion of women treated under the postabortion care models than of those treated under the sharp curettage standard model received information about their health status before treatment, the uterine evacuation procedure, signs of postabortion complications and care at home. In addition, a greater proportion of women treated under the postabortion care models accepted a contraceptive method before leaving the facility (64­78% vs. 40%).

CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a postabortion care model contributes to the delivery of high-quality services to women experiencing abortion complications. The standard IMSS model of postabortion treatment should be modified to emulate those in hospitals that systematically link general counseling and family planning services to the clinical services provided to women with abortion complications.

International Family Planning Perspectives, 29(3):112-120

Women experiencing complications from a spontaneous or unsafely induced abortion have the right to receive high-quality health care services. Mexico affirmed this right with its endorsement of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) Programme of Action, which recognizes unsafe abortion as a public health problem that all governments have the responsibility to address. Most important, the document states that "In all cases women should have access to quality services for the management of complications arising from abortion. Postabortion counseling, education and family planning services should be offered promptly, which will also help to avoid repeat abortions."1

In this article, we present the results of an operations research project carried out between April 1997 and August 1998 in six Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) hospitals located in the Mexico City metropolitan area. The study examined the implementation of postabortion care as defined in the ICPD Programme of Action, using a quality of care framework2 for the analysis.*

BACKGROUND

Abortion is the fourth leading cause of maternal mortality in Mexico, accounting for 8% of all registered maternal deaths.3 In part, this situation reflects limited access to safe and legal abortion services. Given restrictive legislation and the small number of public health care providers and institutions that offer such services,† many women turn to unsafe practices and practitioners to end unwanted pregnancies. Complications of spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) that are not treated appropriately also contribute to abortion-related mortality.

Throughout Mexico, approximately 120,000 women receive abortion-related care every year in public-sector facilities.4 In 1997, slightly more than 56,000 of these women were treated at IMSS facilities—the most women served among any of the three major social security systems in Mexico.5‡

In the IMSS system, women with abortion complications resulting from either spontaneous or induced abortion are treated in secondary- or tertiary-level hospitals. Sharp curettage has been used for uterine evacuation at both types of facilities. However, postabortion services have become more depersonalized over the years, and have turned into a "mechanized routine in which quality gradually deteriorated."6

To improve the quality of abortion-related care, IMSS, in collaboration with Ipas, introduced manual vacuum aspiration into its facilities as an alternative to sharp curettage for the treatment of abortion complications and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. One major advantage of this technique is that it requires only local anesthesia, whereas sharp curettage is customarily performed under general anesthesia. Training sessions began in 1993 with the participation of obstetrician-gynecologists, anesthesiologists and nurses in three major obstetric and gynecological hospitals in the states of Jalisco and Mexico, as well as in Mexico City.

The trainers presented participating health care providers not only with the new technology, but also with a comprehensive model for providing care to women with abortion complications. By the mid-1990s, the focus of the training shifted toward the implementation of postabortion care, conceptualized as a package of services comprising treatment of incomplete abortion with manual vacuum aspiration, general counseling (empathy and support for the woman, and provision of health and medical information) and family planning counseling and services. From 1994 through 1997, a total of 1,325 health care professionals working in 23% of IMSS hospitals nationwide were trained in the use of manual vacuum aspiration and other aspects of the postabortion care package.7

Thus, between April 1997 and August 1998, when this study was conducted, postabortion services varied across hospitals, in part according to whether postabortion care training had been held in the facility. In general, there were three basic models of care (Figure 1). Traditional service delivery—sharp curettage for the treatment of incomplete abortion and the provision of family planning information and methods to women—was the predominant model, given that most hospitals and personnel had not yet received postabortion care training. Women generally were offered contraceptive methods, although counseling and assessment of women's contraceptive needs based on their health status were not central components of traditional care.

In contrast, the two postabortion care models emphasized the importance of general counseling (communication with and support of the patient according to her specific needs) and family planning counseling and services. They differed, however, in the clinical technique used for uterine evacuation. Some hospitals incorporated manual vacuum aspiration into their scheme of service delivery (although the actual use of manual vacuum aspiration or sharp curettage was the provider's choice); others continued to use sharp curettage, while putting into practice other components of the postabortion care model.

In addition, a policy of short-stay ambulatory surgery for postabortion patients was put into place at IMSS facilities during the 1990s. Thus, whether manual vacuum aspiration or sharp curettage was used for uterine evacuation, women were served on an outpatient basis unless they have complications that require hospitalization. Regardless of the clinical technique used, the average length of stay in 1996 was approximately eight hours, compared with stays of 12-30 hours prior to the policy change.8

Given the varied ways in which postabortion care was delivered in IMSS facilities, policymakers were interested in identifying which of the three models of care was most advantageous to patients, health care providers and the health care system. The results presented in this article focus on the components most relevant to advantages for women, but which ultimately also prove to be advantageous to both health care professionals and the system in which they work.

Previous postabortion care studies have examined outcomes such as acceptance of contraceptive methods, costs and provider-patient evaluation of services by comparing two different service delivery approaches: outpatient care (manual vacuum aspiration with family planning counseling and services) and inpatient care (sharp curettage with minimal or no family planning counseling or services).9 The organization of services, the surgical technique and the provision of referrals to family planning services varied between the two approaches. It is unclear, therefore, whether the differences were related to the surgical technique or to the implementation of a more comprehensive model of care that included family planning counseling and services.

The study presented in this article is the first to compare three models of care for women with abortion complications in which the surgical technique and delivery of family planning services are held constant, and in which the organization of services is standardized across all models. In addition, the study examines the important component of general counseling of postabortion patients in the two postabortion care models.

STUDY HYPOTHESES

The overall study aims to answer questions about the quality of postabortion services in the IMSS. We hypothesize that a greater proportion of women treated under the postabortion care models (manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care or sharp curettage postabortion care) than of those treated under the sharp curettage standard model receive information and support throughout their care, and that a greater proportion of women treated under the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care model than of those treated under either sharp curettage model receive information and support throughout their care. In addition, we hypothesize that the proportion of women who accept a contraceptive method is greater among those treated under the manual vacuum aspiration and sharp curettage postabortion care models than among those receiving sharp curettage standard care, and that the proportion of women who accept a contraceptive method is greater among those treated by manual vacuum aspiration than among those treated by sharp curettage.

These hypotheses are related to two specific components of the quality of care framework for postabortion care that guided the design and analysis: information and counseling, and interactions between women and providers. They were based on the supposition that services delivered through a postabortion care model would be of higher quality than services focused mainly on the resolution of abortion complications. Manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care is tested separately from sharp curettage postabortion care because of 1994-1997 IMSS service statistics indicating that women treated with manual vacuum aspiration were significantly more likely than those treated with sharp curettage to receive a contraceptive method before leaving the hospital.10 In addition, physicians in the IMSS hypothesized that communication between health care providers and women is facilitated by use of manual vacuum aspiration because women remain conscious throughout the entire process.

DATA AND METHODS

Study Design

The research team employed a quasi-experimental posttest-only design in which six IMSS hospitals implementing one of the three models of care were chosen for inclusion in the study. We selected two IMSS hospitals using the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care model, two hospitals using the sharp curettage postabortion care model and two hospitals using the sharp curettage standard model. The selected hospitals that used the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care model or the sharp curettage postabortion care model had health care staff who had participated in the IMSS-Ipas postabortion care training in previous years; staff at the sharp curettage standard model sites had never participated in such training.

To ensure that the models of care were implemented according to the specifications of the research design, a team of physicians, nurses and social workers from the IMSS Reproductive Health Division conducted orientation sessions and refresher training with providers (obstetrician-gynecologists, nurses and social workers) who agreed to participate in the study.

Providers at the postabortion care sites received refresher training in general counseling and family planning counseling and services. In the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care sites, participating providers had put the full model of care into practice following their original training one to three years prior to the study, whereas providers in the sharp curettage postabortion care sites continued to use sharp curettage and had not practiced the other postabortion care components in a systematic manner even after their original training. Thus, the refresher training served mainly as an orientation to the research protocol in the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care sites, whereas it served as an intervention in the sharp curettage postabortion care sites. The additional years of experience in the hospitals using manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care led us to hypothesize that the quality of care in those sites would be higher than in sites using either sharp curettage model. Staff at sites using the sharp curettage standard model received general information about the objectives of the study but no refresher training because these hospitals served as control sites.

Sample

A hospital was eligible to participate in the study if it was an IMSS obstetrics-gynecology or general service hospital, was located within the Mexico City metropolitan area and had treated at least 120 women with abortion complications per month in 1996. However, because most public hospitals were not using manual vacuum aspiration as the preferred method for uterine evacuation, we found it difficult to identify hospitals for the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care model that met the criteria. Therefore, each of the two hospitals selected for the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care model had treated at least 20% of all patients with abortion complications using manual vacuum aspiration in the year prior to the study, demonstrating that teams of trained health care providers working in those hospitals practiced the technique on an ongoing basis.

The willingness of the hospital director and staff to collaborate was essential to the project because the study team had to enter and occupy various areas of the facility for several weeks. Only one hospital of the six we originally approached declined to participate. In that case, the hospital's leadership was changing, and the administration could not make commitments for the incoming director.

We attempted to standardize the experience of obstetrician-gynecologists across all models. Those who participated in the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care hospital teams were adept at using both manual vacuum aspiration and sharp curettage in their practice and had treated at least 20 women with each technique during the three months prior to the study. Obstetrician-gynecologists participating in the sharp curettage postabortion care and sharp curettage standard models had treated at least 20 women with sharp curettage in the three months prior to the study, but were not necessarily adept at using manual vacuum aspiration.

Women included in the study were admitted to facilities for the treatment of complications from an unsafely induced abortion performed outside the hospital or from a spontaneous abortion. No attempt was made in the study to distinguish explicitly between the two situations.

The uterine size of all participants was equivalent to that expected at 12 or fewer weeks' gestation, whether the evacuation technique used was manual vacuum aspiration or sharp curettage. This gestational age is the maximum for which the use of manual vacuum aspiration is recommended; thus, no women with a larger uterine size could enter the study from the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care hospitals. Women with septic abortion, abortion in evolution or inevitable abortion were excluded from the study so that the results would not be confounded by the additional medical services required by women in these situations. All patients included in the study were treated during the morning and afternoon shifts, when providers who participated in the refresher training sessions were on duty. In general, women stayed in the hospital for only one shift.

In the hospitals chosen for the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care model, the provider team agreed to use manual vacuum aspiration to treat all women admitted with the appropriate indications during the project period, and only these women were included in the study. In the other hospitals, all women were treated with sharp curettage; thus, no special arrangements had to be made with the teams.

Data Collection

Data collection took place after the refresher training sessions had been completed. Although we used various data collection methods in the overall study, this article presents only results from structured interviews with women treated for abortion complications. Hospital staff collaborated with the research team to identify women who fit the criteria for inclusion in the study. After obtaining informed consent, social workers (who were not hospital employees) trained in the study techniques asked women closed-ended questions at the time of their discharge from the hospital. The women were asked about their social and demographic characteristics; reproductive history; psychological-affective management during care; care before, during and after surgery; understanding of and participation in the surgical procedure; perception of pain before, during and after the procedure; and recommendations given to them for postprocedure care. Interviewers engaged in data collection over a period of 23 consecutive weeks in all of the study hospitals.

Data Analysis

We used SPSS 8.0 to carry out univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis, employing Fisher's exact test (one-sided significance) and Student's t-test for equality of means statistics to determine differences in outcomes between models. Differences at the 95% confidence level were considered significant.

RESULTS

The research team interviewed a total of 803 women treated for abortion complications in the six study hospitals. The vast majority of women were 20-34 years of age, were married or cohabiting and identified themselves primarily as housewives, workers or employees (Table 1, page 115). Nearly half (40-47%) had some education beyond secondary school. On average, women had been pregnant twice, had 1.5 living children and had had 1.3 abortions, with the index abortion being their first. Women in the three study groups were similar in terms of age, marital status, education, occupation and reproductive history.

Overall, 44% of all women in the study said they had planned the pregnancy that ended in abortion, but 77% indicated that they had wanted to become pregnant. Three-quarters of all women stated that they would like to become pregnant again, but most (95-99%) wanted to wait at least six months, thereby indicating a need for effective postabortion family planning.

Sixty-two percent of the women had used a contraceptive method at some time. Of this group, 49% had used an IUD, 15% oral contraceptives, 13% condoms, 9% the rhythm method, 8% the injectable, 3% withdrawal, 2% spermicides and 1% tubal ligation. Women's most common reasons for having stopped using a method were the desire to become pregnant (40%), contraceptive failure (39%) and side effects of the contraceptive method (12%). Of the 38% of women who had never used a contraceptive method, 44% wanted to become pregnant, whereas smaller proportions did not believe that they were at risk of becoming pregnant (24%), feared the side effects of contraceptives (11%), did not expect to have intercourse (6%), had a partner who did not want to use a method (3%) or did not know any method (2%). Fewer than 1% gave any other single reason.

Statistically significant differences were found between the postabortion care models and conventional service provision (sharp curettage standard) in regard to whether women received information about their health status, the uterine evacuation procedure, signs of possible postprocedural complications, where to seek help in case of complications and follow-up care at home (Table 2). For each variable, a significantly greater proportion of women in the two postabortion care groups than of those in the sharp curettage standard care group indicated that they had received each type of information.

Among women in the postabortion care groups, significantly greater proportions of women treated with manual vacuum aspiration (57-84%) than of those treated with sharp curettage (12-40%) received information about the uterine evacuation procedure (e.g., what instrument and pain-management methods would be used, procedure-related risks and the likelihood of discomfort during the procedure). These differences probably reflect the fact that women are conscious during the procedure using manual vacuum aspiration but not the one using sharp curettage. Thus, manual vacuum aspiration providers may offer information to women to make them feel more at ease during the procedure, which then goes more smoothly.

On the other hand, significantly greater proportions of women treated under the sharp curettage postabortion care model (37-41%) than of those in the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care model (23-32%) reported receiving information about signs of possible complications, including general health problems, intense pain, chronic bleeding and a foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Likewise, significant differences existed between the two models for all types of information on postprocedure home care.

In analyses examining receipt of information and counseling about future pregnancy, significantly greater proportions of those in the sharp curettage postabortion care group (30-97%) than of those in the sharp curettage standard care group (16-65%) had received information or counseling on each of six measures (Table 3). Significant differences also were found between manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care and sharp curettage standard care on four measures: the advantages of preventing immediate pregnancy, how to prevent pregnancy, plans to become pregnant again and willingness to use contraceptives. When we compared the two postabortion care models, significantly greater proportions of women in the sharp curettage model than of those in the manual vacuum aspiration model had talked to a provider about the advantages of preventing immediate pregnancy, plans to become pregnant again, willingness to use contraceptives and the possibility of pregnancy if unprotected sexual relations occurred.

Thirty-two percent of women in the sharp curettage standard care group were not offered any contraceptive method by hospital staff, compared with 6-12% of women treated in the postabortion care groups. In all three groups, the IUD was the most commonly offered method (59-90%), followed by the pill (12-37%) and the injectable (12-29%). The methods presented to women reflect the IMSS policy of offering permanent methods and temporary methods that have high continuity rates.

The majority of women cared for in hospitals using one of the two postabortion care models received a contraceptive before leaving (Table 4). A significantly greater proportion of women in the sharp curettage postabortion care group (78%) than of those in the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care group (64%) or the sharp curettage standard care group (40%) received a method. Of women who left the hospital with a method, at least three-quarters (74-85%) in each of the three groups received an IUD; a significantly greater proportion of women in the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care group than of those in the sharp curettage postabortion care group received an IUD.

Almost all of the women (92-97%) in each of the models reported that they were satisfied with the contraceptive method they received.‡ Eighty-two percent perceived the method to be effective and convenient (not shown). Of those who were not satisfied with the method they received, 31% reported that they had become pregnant while using the method, 22% had experienced pain and cramping and 13% had not received enough information about the method; the remaining women were unfamiliar with the suggested method, were afraid of the method or believed that the method was unsafe.

Regardless of the method received, a significantly greater proportion of women in the postabortion care groups (40-62%) than of those in the sharp curettage standard care groups (11-28%) were given information about their chosen method. No differences were found between the two postabortion care groups in terms of the information women received about their method.

Women's perception of who chose the contraceptive method varied according to the model of care. Overall, more than half (58-87%) of women in each model felt that they alone had chosen the method or that they had decided upon the method along with the attending physician. However, significantly greater proportions of women treated under the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care (7%) and sharp curettage standard care models (18%) than of those treated under the sharp curettage postabortion care model (2%) perceived that their physician had imposed a particular contraceptive method on them.

Women who left the hospital without a contraceptive method most commonly did so because they did not want a method; a greater proportion of women in the sharp curettage postabortion care model (76%) than of those in the other models (46-49%) gave this reason. One-third of women treated under the sharp curettage standard model left the hospital without a contraceptive method because they did not receive sufficient information to make a choice (27%) or because they were not presented with any options (7%).

The vast majority of women (93%) indicated that they had arrived at the hospital with worries and concerns (not shown). When asked to name their primary concern, 42% had fears related to their health status and whether they would receive good care; 23% were concerned that they had lost the pregnancy (often referred to by women as "losing the baby"); and 11% were worried about their children, whom they had left alone, with other children or with friends and family members.

More than 90% of women in each study group reported trusting their hospital caregivers; that proportion was significantly higher among women in the two postabortion care groups (99% each) than among those in the sharp curettage standard care group (93%). However, much smaller proportions felt their concerns had been identified: Fifty-eight percent of women in the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care group reported that hospital staff had identified their main concerns during their time in the hospital, compared with 48% of those in the sharp curettage postabortion care group and 34% of those in the sharp curettage standard care group. Once again, the difference between each of the postabortion care models and the sharp curettage standard model was significant; the difference between the two postabortion care models was also significant. Among women who felt that their concerns had been identified, 96% of those treated under the postabortion care models perceived that the hospital staff had helped them to address their concerns, compared with 80% of the women in the sharp curettage standard care group. Ward physicians and nurses were the staff identified most often by women as having helped them.

DISCUSSION

It has been suggested that for health care systems to move from a biomedical model of practice to one of health promotion, health care professionals need to view their clients as capable of and responsible for making important decisions that affect their lives.11 In this view, the role of health care providers evolves from one of managing information and making decisions related to patient care to one of providing medical information to patients so that they can fully exercise choice and decision-making about their care and overall health. The latter approach is used by health care providers who implement a postabortion care model.

A greater proportion of women treated under the postabortion care models than under the sharp curettage standard model left the hospital with information about their bodies and health, and with a sense that their needs, concerns and expectations were considered. Of women who left the hospital with a contraceptive method, those in the postabortion care models were more likely than women in the sharp curettage standard care model to receive information about the method and to feel that they had played a role in choosing it. We attribute this difference to the implementation of a postabortion care model by health care teams in hospitals.

Similar results are found in recent studies on postabortion care in Mexico and Central America in which information and counseling were linked strongly to women's positive evaluation of the quality of care and to acceptance of a contraceptive method with which they felt satisfied.12Overall, the findings from our study support the expansion of the essential elements of postabortion care to include counseling as separate from and as important as contraceptive and family planning services.13

However, the results do not support our hypothesis that manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care results in better quality of care than sharp curettage postabortion care. There were significant differences between the two postabortion care models on numerous variables, and the overall results favored the sharp curettage postabortion care approach over the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care approach. A greater proportion of women treated under the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care model received information about the uterine evacuation itself, at least in part because patients are conscious during the procedure; however, a greater proportion of women treated with sharp curettage postabortion care reported leaving the hospital with a contraceptive method as well as receiving information about care at home and future pregnancy. The latter findings result in part from staffing difficulties within one of the manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care hospitals throughout the study and to the excellent internal organization of the two sharp curettage postabortion care sites. These results also highlight the effects of long-term challenges to incorporating manual vacuum aspiration in IMSS postabortion care services as an institutionalized alternative to sharp curettage. The overall conclusion, therefore, is that the implementation of a postabortion care model rather than the clinical technique itself is the determining factor in the information and counseling that women receive.

However, the resolution of abortion complications can save women's lives and protect their health. Manual vacuum aspiration gives providers another safe and effective option.14 In addition, vacuum aspiration is the surgical technique recommended by the World Health Organization for use in health centers and hospitals.15 Results from this operations research study published elsewhere show that manual vacuum aspiration use is as safe and effective as sharp curettage.16 Overall, the process of introducing a new technology into health services provides opportunities for innovation regarding service delivery. In this way, manual vacuum aspiration, accompanied by a postabortion care model, can be used as an important tool for improving services.

In conclusion, the findings from this study suggest the importance of documenting the effectiveness of the expanded model of postabortion care services, in particular the counseling component, on the quality of care offered to women.17 As part of this documentation, more in-depth qualitative studies that follow up with women obtaining postabortion care services over time are needed.

Footnotes

* The IMSS provides services, including health care, to workers and their families on a prepaid fee basis (a proportion of each paycheck is removed for IMSS services). In 1999, the IMSS provided health care coverage to approximately 45 million people, almost one-half of the country´s population. The IMSS does not cover government workers, who participate in the Instituto de Seguridad Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado system.

† In Mexico, state laws define the varying situations under which abortion is legal. All states allow abortion when the pregnancy is the result of rape; some do so when the woman´s life and health are endangered or when the fetus has severe congenital or genetic malformations. In Yucatan, abortion is legal for socioeconomic reasons (i.e., when a woman already has three or more children).

‡The Ministry of Health hospitals, which provide health care for the population not covered by social security, treated 64,363 women during this period.

§ We did not ask if women had received their method of choice.

References

1. United Nations, Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Oct. 18, 1994, <http://www.un.org/popin/icpd/ conference/offeng/poa.html>, accessed July 24, 2003.

2. Greenslade F and Jansen B, Postabortion care services: an update from PRIME, Resources for Women's Health, 1998, 1(2):1-12.

3. Consejo Nacional de Población, Distribución porcentual de las muertes maternas según causa, 1989-1991 y 1995-1997, <http://www.conapo.gob.mx/m_en_cifras/Republica/rm058.gif&gt;, accessed Oct. 16, 2002.

4. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), Estadísticas del Sector Salud y Seguridad Social, Aguascalientes, Mexico: INEGI, 2001, No. 17.

5. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sistema Única de Información, Mexico City: IMSS, 1997.

6. Fuentes Velázquez J et al., Evaluación de la introducción de aspiración manual endouterina en hospitales del IMSS, Revista Médica del IMSS, 2001, 39(5):393-401.

7. Ibid.

8. IMSS, Sistema Única de Información, Vol. 10, IMSS hospital statistics, Mexico City: IMSS, 1996; and Johnson BJ et al., Costs and resource utilization for treatment of incomplete abortion in Kenya and Mexico, Social Science & Medicine, 1993, 36(11):1443-1453.

9. Benson J et al., Improving Quality and Lowering Costs in an Integrated Postabortion Care Model in Peru: Final Report, Carrboro, NC: Ipas, 1998; Brambila C et al., Estimating costs of postabortion services at Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso General Hospital, Oaxaca, Mexico, in: Huntington D and Piet-Pelon NJ, eds., Postabortion Care: Lessons from Operations Research, New York: Population Council, 1999; Díaz J et al., Improving the quality of services and contraceptive acceptance in the postabortion period in three public-sector hospitals in Bolivia, in: Huntington D and Piet-Pelon NJ, eds., Postabortion Care: Lessons from Operations Research, New York: Population Council, 1999; and Johnson BR et al., Costs and resource utilization for the treatment of incomplete abortion in Kenya and Mexico, Social Science & Medicine, 1993, 36(11):1443-1453.

10. Fuentes Velázquez J et al., 2001, op. cit. (see reference 6).

11. Cook R, Gender, health, and human rights, in: Mann JM et al., eds., Health and Human Rights: A Reader, New York: Routledge, 1999.

12. García-Hernández E, Montoya-Manzano S and Manterola Alvarez D, Causas de aceptación y no aceptación de métodos anticonceptivos en el postaborto inmediato, Ginecología y Obstetricia de México, 2000, 68(6):254-258; Langer A et al., Improving postabortion care in a public hospital in Mexico, in: Haberland N and Measham D, eds., Responding to Cairo: Case Studies of Changing Practice in Reproductive Health and Family Planning, New York: Population Council, 2002; and Farfan O et al., Información y consejería en planificación familiar post-aborto: experiencia en cuatro hospitales de Centro América, Revista Centroamericana de Ginecología y Obstetricia, 1997, 7(2):46-56.

13. Corbett M and Turner K, Essential elements of postabortion care: origins, evolution and future directions, International Family Planning Perspectives, 2003, 29(3):106-111.

14. Baird T and Gringle R, MVA in the Treatment of Incomplete Abortion: Clinical and Programmatic Experience, Carrboro, NC, USA: Ipas, 1995; and Forna F and Gülmezoglu AM, Surgical procedures to evacuate incomplete abortion (Cochrane Review), in: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, Oxford: Update Software, 2001.

15. World Health Organization (WHO), Complications of Abortion: Technical and Managerial Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment, Geneva: WHO, 1995; and WHO, Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth (MCPC): A Guide for Midwives and Doctors, <http://www.who.int/ reproductive-health/impac/index.html>, accessed Oct. 16, 2002.

16. Fuentes Velázquez J et al., Una Comparación de Tres Modelos de Atención Postaborto en México, Research Division Working Paper, Mexico City: Population Council, 1998, No. 14.

17. Corbett M and Turner K, 2003, op. cit. (see reference 13).

Author's Affiliations

Deborah L. Billings is senior research associate, Ipas, Mexico. Jaime Fuentes Vel&amp;aacute;squez is coordinator of Service Strategies and Ricardo P&amp;eacute;rez-Cuevas is head of advisors, Division of Medical Services, both with the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank James Foreit and Ricardo Vernon for their collaboration in the design of this project; Eduardo Navarrete for his work in creating the database and initial data analysis; and Janie Benson, Ronnie Johnson, Kat Turner, Ricardo Vernon and Emma Ottolenghi for their careful review of this article. The research on which this article is based was funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, Office of Population and Reproductive Health, under the Population Council's contract AID/CCP-3030-C-00-5007.

Disclaimer

The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the Guttmacher Institute.
2911203.pdf