1. Feldman BS et al., Contraceptive use, birth spacing, and autonomy: an analysis of the Oportunidades program in rural Mexico, Studies in Family Planning, 2009, 40(1):51–62.
2. Potter JE, The persistence of outmoded contraceptive regimes: the cases of Mexico and Brazil, Population and Development Review, 1999, 25(4):703–739.
3. Loewenberg S, The plight of Mexico’s indigenous women, Lancet, 2010, 375(9727):1680–1682.
4. Flórez Nieto CE and Nunez J, Teenage childbearing in Latin American countries, 2001, New York: Inter-American Development Bank, <http://www.iadb.org/res/publications/pubfiles/pubR-434.pdf>, accessed June 2, 2010.
5. Cleland J et al., Family planning: the unfinished agenda, Lancet, 2006, 368(9549):1810–1827.
6. World Health Organization, WHO Guidelines on Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reproductive Health Outcomes Among Adolescents in Developing Countries, 2011, <http://whqlibdoc.who.int publications/2011/9789241502214_eng.pdf>, accessed June 1, 2012.
7. United Nations Population Fund, Reducing Poverty and Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: Arguments for Investing in Reproductive Health and Rights, 2005, <http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/ global/shared/documents/publications/2005/reducingpoverty_mdg.pdf>, accessed June 1, 2012.
8. Lagarde M, Haines A and Palmer N, Conditional cash transfers for improving uptake of health interventions in low- and middle- income countries: a systematic review, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2007, 298(16):1900–1910.
9. Fiszbein A et al., Conditional Cash Transfers, Reducing Present and Future Poverty, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCCT/Resources/ 5757608-1234228266004/PRR-CCT_web_noembargo.pdf>, accessed Apr. 22, 2013.
10. Fernald LC, Gertler PJ and Neufeld LM, 10-year effect of Oportunidades, Mexico’s conditional cash transfer programme, on child growth, cognition, language, and behaviour: a longitudinal follow-up study, Lancet, 2009, 374(9706):1997–2005.
11. Stecklov G et al., Unintended effects of poverty programmes on childbearing in less developed countries: experimental evidence from Latin America, Population Studies, 2007, 61(2):125–140.
12. Fernald LCH and Hidrobo M, Effect of Ecuador’s cash transfer program (Bono de Desarrollo Humano) on child development in infants and toddlers: a randomized effectiveness trial, Social Science & Medicine, 2011, 72(9):1437–1446.
13. Baird SJ et al., Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial, Lancet, 2012, 379(9823):1320–1329.
14. Lim SS et al., India’s Janani Suraksha Yojana, a conditional cash transfer programme to increase births in health facilities: an impact evaluation, Lancet, 2010, 375(9730):2009–2023.
15. Bosman J, City will stop paying the poor for good behavior, New York Times, Mar. 31, 2010, p. A1.
16. Riccio J et al., Towards Reduced Poverty Across Generations. Early Findings from New York City’s Conditional Cash Transfer Program, 2010, New York: MDRC, <http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/Toward%20Reduced%20Poverty%20Across%20Generations%20ES.pdf>, accessed July 21, 2010.
17. Gaarder MM, Glassman A and Todd JE, Conditional cash transfers and health: unpacking the causal chain, Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2010, 2(1):6–50.
18. Lagarde M, Haines A and Palmer N, The impact of conditional cash transfers on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle income countries, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2009, Issue 4, No. CD008137.
19. Ranganathan M and Lagarde M, Promoting healthy behaviours and improving health outcomes in low and middle income countries: a review of the impact of conditional cash transfer programmes, Preventive Medicine, 2012, 55(Suppl.):S95–S105.
20. Robertson L et al., Effects of unconditional and conditional cash transfers on child health and development in Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial, Lancet, 2013, 381(9874):1283–1292.
21. Gilmour S, Hamakawa T and Shibuya K, Cash-transfer programmes in developing countries, Lancet, 2013, 381(9874):1254–1255.
22. Fernald LC, Gertler PJ and Neufeld LM, Role of cash in conditional cash transfer programmes for child health, growth, and development: an analysis of Mexico’s Oportunidades, Lancet, 2008, 371(9615):828–837.
23. Rivera JA et al., Impact of the Mexican program for education, health, and nutrition (Progresa) on rates of growth and anemia in infants and young children: a randomized effectiveness study, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2004, 291(21):2563–2570.
24. Behrman JR et al., Long-term effects of Oportunidades on rural infant and toddler development, education and nutrition after almost a decade of exposure to the program, in: External Evaluation of Oportunidades 2008, 1997–2007: Ten Years of Intervention in Rural Areas (1997–2007), Vol. I, Mexico City: Secretaria de Desarollo Social (SEDESOL), 2009, <http://www.oportunidades.gob.mx/EVALUACION/es/wersd53465sdg1/docs/2008/2008_volume_i.pdf>, accessed Oct. 25, 2013.
25. Gertler P, The Impact of PROGRESA on Health, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2000.
26. Skoufias E, Davis B and de la Vega S, Targeting the poor in Mexico: an evaluation of the selection of households for PROGRESA, Discussion Paper Briefs, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 1999, <http://www.ifpri.org/publication/targeting-poor-mexico-1>, accessed June 2, 2010.
27. Bautista Arredondo S et al., Ten years of Oportunidades in rural areas: Effects on health services utilization and health status, in: External Evaluation of Oportunidades 2008, 1997–2007: Ten Years of Intervention in Rural Areas (1997–2007), Vol. II, Mexico City: SEDESOL, 2009, <http://www.oportunidades.gob.mx/EVALUACION/es/wersd53465sdg1/docs/2008/2008_volume_ii.pdf>, accessed Oct. 28, 2013.
28. SEDESOL, Oportunidades atiende a 5.8 millones de familias en el país, 2012, <http://www.oportunidades.gob.mx/Portal/wb/Web/oportunidades_atiende_a_5…;, accessed Apr. 20, 2013.
29. SEDESOL, Oportunidades, 15 Years of Results, Mexico City: SEDESOL, 2012.
30. Skoufias E, PROGRESA and its impact on the welfare of rural households in Mexico, Washington, DC: IFPRI, 2005, No. 139, <http://www.ifpri.org/publication/progresa-and-its-impacts-welfare-rural-households-mexico>, accessed Feb 2, 2010.
31. Bongaarts J, Completing the fertility transition in the developing world: the role of educational differences and fertility preferences, Population Studies, 2003, 57(3):321–335.
32. Castro Martín T, Women’s education and fertility: results from 26 Demographic and Health Surveys, Studies in Family Planning, 1995, 26(4):187–202.
33. Hirschman C, Why fertility changes, Annual Review of Sociology, 1994, 20(1):203–233.
34. Jejeebhoy SJ, Women’s Education, Autonomy, and Reproductive Behavior: Experience from Developing Countries, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1995.
35. Bongaarts J, A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility, Population and Development Review, 1978, 4(1):105–132.
36. Caldwell JC, Mass education as a determinant of the timing of fertility decline, Population and Development Review, 1980, 6(2):225–255.
37. DeRose LF and Kravdal O, Educational reversals and first-birth timing in sub-Saharan Africa: a dynamic multilevel approach, Demography, 2007, 44(1):59–77.
38. Kravdal Ø, Education and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: individual and community effects, Demography, 2002, 39(2):233–250.
39. Larsen U and Hollos M, Women’s empowerment and fertility decline among the Pare of Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania, Social Science & Medicine, 2003, 57(6):1099–1115.
40. Cleland J, Education and Future Fertility Trends, with Special Reference to Mid-Transition Countries, New York: United Nations, 2002.
41. Parker S and Behrman JR, Following young adults who benefited from Oportunidades for nearly a decade: impact of the program on rural education and achievement, in: External Evaluation of Oportunidades 2008, 1997–2007: Ten Years of Intervention in Rural Areas (1997–2007), Vol. I, Mexico City: SEDESOL, 2009, <http://www.oportunidades.gob.mx/EVALUACION/es/wersd53465sdg1/docs/2008/2008_volume_i.pdf>, accessed Oct. 25, 2013.
42. Mancera Corcuera C and Serna Hernandez L, A PS, Learning gaps among Oportunidades scholarship recipients in primary and junior high school: association with education modality and multi-grade organization, in: External Evaluation of Oportunidades 2008, 1997–2007: Ten Years of Intervention in Rural Areas (1997–2007), Vol. III, Mexico City: SEDESOL, 2009, <http://www.oportunidades.gob.mx/EVALUACION/es/wersd53465sdg1/docs/2008/2008_tomo_iii_calidad_servicios_educacion.pdf>, accessed Oct. 28, 2013.
43. Juarez F et al., Las Necesidades de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva de las Adolescentes en Mexico: Retos y Oportunidades, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2010.
44. Barber SL and Gertler PJ, Empowering women to obtain high quality care: evidence from an evaluation of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer programme, Health Policy and Planning, 2009, 24(1):18–25.
45. Sosa-Rubí SG et al., Learning effect of a conditional cash transfer programme on poor rural women’s selection of delivery care in Mexico, Health Policy and Planning, 2011, 26(6):496–507.
46. Barber SL, Mexico’s conditional cash transfer programme increases cesarean section rates among the rural poor, European Journal of Public Health, 2010, 20(4):383–388.
47. Barber SL, Bertozzi SM and Gertler PJ, Variations in prenatal care quality for the rural poor in Mexico, Health Affairs, 2007, 26(3):w310–w323.
48. Lamidrad-Figueroa H et al., Heterogeneous impact of the social programme Oportunidades on use of contraceptive methods by young adult women living in rural areas, Journal of Development Effectiveness., 2010, 2(1):74–86.
49. Barber SL, Family planning advice and postpartum contraceptive use among low-income women in Mexico, International Family Planning Perspectives, 2007, 33(1):6–12.
50. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía de México, Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica, 2011, <http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/ especiales/enadid/default.aspx>, accessed Apr. 22, 2013.
51. Comision Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indigenas, Indicadores y estadísticas, 2012, <http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=38&Itemid=54>, accessed June 1, 2012.
52. DeVillis RF, Factor analysis strategies, in: DeVillis RF, ed., Scale Development. Theory and Applications, Newbury Park, CA, USA: Sage, 1991.
53. Ho DE et al., Matching as nonparametric preprocessing for reducing model dependence in parametric causal inference, Political Analysis, 2007, 15(3):199–236.
54. King G et al., Comparative Effectiveness of Matching Methods for Causal Inference, Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University, 2011, <http://132.206.150.50/lib/exe/fetch.php/groups/dstephens/reading/king_p…;, accessed Oct. 28, 2013.
55. Iacus S, King G and Porro G, Causal inference without balance checking: coarsened exact matching, Political Analysis, 2012, 20(1):1–24.
56. Tomz M, Wittenberg J and King G, CLARIFY, Software for interpreting and presenting statistical results, Journal of Statistical Software, 2003, 8(1):3–29.
57. King G, Tomz M and Wittenberg J, Making the most of statistical analyses: improving interpretation and presentation, American Journal of Political Science, 2000, 44(2):347–361.
58. Vanderweele TJ, Mediation analysis with multiple versions of the mediator, Epidemiology, 2012, 23(3):454–463.
59. Saunders M and Sharma S, Mobilizing Political Support and Resources for Family Planning in a Decentralized Setting: Guidelines for Latin American and Caribbean Countries, Washington, DC, United States Agency for International Development, 2008.
60. Gakidou E and Vayena E, Use of modern contraception by the poor is falling behind, PLoS Medicine, 2007, 4(2):e31.