Volume 26, Number 4, December 2000
TABLES
| Table 1. Characteristics of community-based distribution (CBD) programs in Tanzania | |||
| Characteristic | Family Planning Unit (FPU) | UMATI | Seventh-Day Adventist (SDA) |
| Sector | Public | Nongovernmental organization | Church-based nongovernmental organization |
| Location | Rural, urban | Rural | Urban |
| No. of agents (1996) | 663 | 683 | 189 |
| Coverage | 5 regions, 1 urban district, 9 rural districts | 5 regions, 6 districts | 5 regions, 6 districts |
| CBD status | Volunteer | Volunteer | Salaried |
| Remuneration | Incentives, allowance | Incentives, income-generating activities | Monthly salary, incentives |
| Agents' gender | Male and female | Male and female | Almost all female |
| Services | Family planning, maternal and child health | Family planning, maternal and child health, primary health care | Family planning, maternal and child health, sexually transmitted diseases |
| Supervision | Part-time; salaried staff | Part-time; CBD agents | Full-time; salaried staff |
| Ratio of agents to supervisors (1996) | 6.4:1* | 10:1 | 16:1 |
| Agent training | Initial, refresher | Initial, refresher | Initial, refresher |
| Supervisor training | Initial, refresher | Initial only | Initial only |
| *Based on the number of full-time-equivalent supervisors in 1998. | |||
| Table 2. Percentage of time that supervisors estimate they spend on CBD activities, by supervisor's level, according to program | ||
| Program | Immediate supervisors | Upper-level supervisors |
| FPU | 40 | 10 |
| UMATI | na | 100 |
| SDA | 90 | 50 |
| Note: na=not applicable, because immediate supervisors are specially trained agents, and for purposes of our analysis, we have treated them as agents. | ||
| Table 3. Average annual cost per CBD agent, by program, according to type of cost, 1995-1996 | |||
| Type of cost | FPU* | UMATI | SDA |
| Total cost per agent | $558.20 | $155.49 | $700.74 |
| Payment to CBD agents | 33.02 | 44.40 | 398.16 |
| Salaries and benefits | na | na | 341.04 |
| In-kind payments | 33.02 | 44.40 | 57.13 |
| Payments to supervisors | 213.55 | 32.80 | 238.98 |
| Salaries and benefits | 208.20 | 21.85 | 163.74 |
| Travel costs | 5.35 | 10.95 | 75.24 |
| Training costs† | 311.62 | 78.30 | 63.59 |
| Agent | 231.80 | 78.30 | 55.21 |
| Immediate supervisor‡ | 79.82 | na | 8.39 |
| *1995 only. †Annualized over 10 years for initial training and over two years for refresher training. ‡Costs of training upper-level supervisors are excluded. Notes: Costs are shown in U.S. dollars. For UMATI and SDA, costs are based on an average of midyear exchange rates for 1995 and 1996 (US$1=561.5 Tanzanian shillings); for FPU, costs are based on the 1995 midyear exchange rate (US$1=528 Tanzanian shillings). na=not applicable, because immediate supervisors are specially trained agents, and for purposes of our analysis, we have treated them as agents. Dollar amounts may not add to totals because of rounding. | |||
| Table 4. Average annual numbers of total visits, CBD agents and visits per CBD agent, by program, 1995-1996 | ||||
| Program | Total visits* | Agents | Visits per agent | |
| Actual | Adjusted† | |||
| FPU† | 41,495 | 396 | 105 | 113 |
| UMATI | 65,143 | 494 | 132 | 143 |
| SDA | 67,529 | 159 | 425 | 425 |
| *Includes only visits in which a method is provided or a referral for family planning is made. †Adjusted assuming all CBD agents are female. †1995 only. | ||||
| Table 5. Simulated cost per visit, assuming different levels of costs and varying number of visits | |||
| Cost of supervision and training | Level of remuneration and visits per agent | ||
| Low (FPU) | Medium (UMATI) | High (SDA) | |
| High (SDA) | $2.97 | $2.43 | $1.65 |
| Low (UMATI) | 1.28 | 1.09 | 1.20 |
Figure 1. Average cost per visit, by program component |
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