International Family Planning Perspectives
Volume 27, Number 3, September 2001

 

Contraceptive Dynamics in Guatemala: 1978-1998
TABLES

 

Table 1. Percentage of 15-49-year-old women in union with selected characteristics, by year of survey, according to ethnicity, Guatemala
Characteristic 1978 1987 1995 1998
Works outside home
All 10.8 14.5 28.9 30.7
Ladino 11.7 17.5 32.9 33.6
Mayan 9.4 9.6 21.5 24.6
Owns radio
All 73.9 65.5 80.3 81.6
Ladino 80.9 70.8 84.9 84.0
Mayan 63.2 56.9 71.9 76.5
Owns television
All 17.9 30.2 51.2 57.9
Ladino 28.7 43.5 65.9 70.7
Mayan 1.6 8.6 24.2 30.3
No education
All 59.0 46.3 34.9 30.9
Ladino 40.2 28.9 20.5 18.0
Mayan 87.5 74.6 61.4 58.9
Primary education
All 33.7 44.6 47.7 49.7
Ladino 48.1 57.0 53.9 54.6
Mayan 12.0 24.4 36.3 39.2
Secondary education
All 6.5 8.1 14.4 17.2
Ladino 10.4 12.5 21.0 24.3
Mayan 0.5 0.9 2.1 1.7
University education
All 0.8 0.9 2.9 2.1
Ladino 1.3 1.5 4.5 3.0
Mayan 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1

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Figure 1. Percentage of women using a contraceptive method, by year, according to ethnicity

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Table 2. Percentage distribution of contraceptive users, by method, according to year and ethnicity
Method 1978 1987 1995-1996 1998
All Ladino Mayan All Ladino Mayan All Ladino Mayan All Ladino Mayan
Female ster. 31.9 32.0 30.9 44.6 44.0 50.7 45.5 45.8 42.4 43.7 45.0 33.2
Pill 29.3 29.4 28.5 17.0 16.9 18.3 12.2 12.3 11.3 13.1 13.2 12.1
Rhythm 15.2 14.3 23.9 12.3 12.1 14.1 11.4 10.2 21.5 14.8 13.2 28.4
IUD 7.9 7.8 9.2 7.8 8.4 1.4 8.2 8.4 6.2 5.6 6.0 2.4
Injectable 6.0 5.9 6.0 2.0 1.7 5.6 7.9 7.9 7.3 10.1 9.6 14.4
Condom 4.0 4.3 1.6 5.0 5.5 0.0 7.0 7.3 4.2 6.0 6.7 0.9
Male ster. 2.2 2.4 0.0 4.0 3.8 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 2.1 2.0 2.3
Withdrawal 1.9 2.1 0.0 5.2 5.3 4.2 2.8 2.9 1.7 4.0 3.8 5.3
Barrier 2.2 2.4 0.0 1.5 1.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0
Other 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

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Table 3. Percentage distribution of users of modern contraceptives, by source of method, according to year and ethnicity
Source 1978 1987 1995-1996 1998
All Ladino Mayan All Ladino Mayan All Ladino Mayan All Ladino Mayan
APROFAM 13.7 14.7 4.3 36.7 37.0 34.5 42.0 41.7 44.2 38.2 37.4 47.6
Ministry of Health 44.2 43.4 52.3 21.5 20.0 36.2 17.1 16.4 24.1 20.6 19.7 29.7
Private facilities† 15.7 15.3 19.6 18.7 19.3 12.1 17.6 17.8 15.5 12.5 12.9 7.7
Social Security Institute 6.8 6.9 6.1 9.7 10.0 6.9 8.1 8.2 6.8 13.7 14.9 1.0
Pharmacy 15.9 16.9 6.1 7.4 7.6 5.2 11.7 12.4 5.6 11.9 12.6 4.3
Health worker 1.2 0.6 7.8 3.5 3.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.1 1.0 1.6
Other 2.4 2.3 3.9 2.5 2.4 3.4 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.4 8.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
†Private physicians, hospitals, clinics and nongovernmental organizations other than APROFAM.

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Table 4. Percentage of Mayan women using any method of contraception and percentage using a modern method, by selected characteristics, 1995-1996
Characteristic N Any method Modern method
Department†
Guatemala City 141 17.7 14.9
Quetzaltenango 155 21.9 16.1
Chimaltenango 547 8.8 5.7
Alta Verapaz 618 7.6 5.0
San Marcos 210 5.2 4.8
Sololá 459 5.9 2.4
Huhuetenango 466 5.6 5.2
K'iche' 457 5.0 3.9
Totonicapan 488 3.3 2.3
Place of residence
Urban 642 21.5 17.2
Rural 3,020 6.2 4.4
Linguistic group (all departments)
Spanish 756 19.0 14.6
Q'eqchi' 519 6.7 3.7
Kaqchikel 552 4.9 3.0
Mam 395 6.6 5.6
K'iche' 906 3.1 2.3
Poqomchi' 75 1.3 1.3
Other 338 4.1 3.3
Linguistic group (excluding Guatemala City and Quetzaltenango)
Spanish 602 13.5 9.5
Q'eqchi' 518 6.8 3.7
Kaqchikel 484 5.2 3.1
Mam 362 6.6 5.8
K'iche' 866 2.1 1.4
Poqomchi' 75 1.3 1.3
Other 338 4.1 3.3
†Only those for which estimates are valid at the departmental level are included. Note: Based on 15-49-year-old women in union.

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Table 5. Odds ratios (and standard errors) from logistic regression analysis indicating the effects of socioeconomic characteristics on the likelihood of use of any contraceptive, all women, 1978-1998
Characteristic Odds ratio
(N=17,482)
Mayan 0.19 (0.075)**
Age 1.04 (0.004)**
Works outside home 1.42 (0.115)**
Owns radio 1.20 (0.112)*
Owns television 2.43 (0.224)**
Primary education 1.55 (0.128)**
Secondary education 2.54 (0.317)**
University education 3.23 (0.686)**
Guatemala City 1.70 (0.155)**
Escuintla 1.29 (0.126)**
Quetzaltenango 1.42 (0.187)**
1987 1.15 (0.126)
1995 1.07 (0.118)
1998 1.42 (0.175)**
Interactions
Mayan x age 1.00 (0.008)
Mayan x works 1.08 (0.173)
Mayan x radio 1.25 (0.264)
Mayan x television 1.38 (0.250)
Mayan x primary ed. 1.07 (0.176)
Mayan x secondary ed. 2.51 (0.819)**
Mayan x university ed. 2.38 (1.968)
Mayan x 1987 0.97 (0.264)
Mayan x 1995 1.05 (0.271)
Mayan x 1998 1.04 (0.292)
Log likelihood -8,365.2
*p<.05. **p<.01. Note: Based on 15-49-year-old women in union.

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Table 6. Odds ratios (and standard errors) from logistic regression analysis indicating the effects of socioeconomic characteristics on the likelihood of use of any contraceptive, Mayan women, 1995-1996
Characteristic Odds ratio
(N=3,075)
Age 1.04 (0.009)**
Works outside home 1.80 (0.318)**
Owns radio 1.37 (0.315)
Owns television 1.70 (0.360)*
Primary education 1.76 (0.341)**
Secondary education 5.76 (2.296)**
Speaks Spanish 2.03 (0.443)**
Lives in urban area 2.36 (0.456)**
Linguistic group†
Spanish 1.30 (0.316)
Kaqchikel 1.00 (0.287)
Q'eqchi' 3.34 (0.883)**
Mam 1.91 (0.545)*
Poqomochi' 0.47 (0.487)
Other 0.94 (0.561)
Log likelihood -603.9
*p<.05. **p<.01. †Reference group is K'iche'. Note: Based on 15-49-year-old women in union.

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Table 7. Odds ratios (and standard errors) from logistic regression analysis indicating the effects of access to services and socioeconomic characteristics on the likelihood of use of a modern contraceptive among all women, four departments, 1995-1996
Characteristic Odds ratio
(N=1,979)
Live within 10 min. of services
All women 0.86 (0.186)
Mayan women 2.30 (0.840)*
Mayan 0.03 (0.028)**
Age 1.04 (0.010)**
Works outside home 1.28 (0.239)
Owns radio 0.76 (0.204)
Owns television 2.26 (0.509)**
Primary education 1.36 (0.319)
Secondary education 2.09 (0.680)*
Lives in urban area 1.47 (0.287)*
Interactions
Mayan x age 1.02 (0.018)
Mayan x work 1.05 (0.387)
Mayan x radio 1.48 (0.836)
Mayan x television 1.23 (0.509)
Mayan x primary ed. 1.09 (0.474)
Mayan x secondary ed. 4.84 (3.078)*
Log likelihood -583.1
*p<.05. **p<.01. Note: Based on 15-49-year-old women in union.

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© copyright 2001, The Alan Guttmacher Institute.