Family Planning Perspectives | |
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What Influences Contraceptive Use Among Young Women In Urban Squatter Settlements of Karachi, Pakistan? |
| Table 1. Among families in which the woman used a modern contraceptive method, percentage of women, their husbands and their mothers-in-law who reported discussions about family size and family planning, Pakistan, 1996 (N=404) | |
| Topic and discussion | % |
| Family size | |
| Woman with her husband | 83.9 |
| Husband with woman | 40.4 |
| Woman with her mother-in-law | 61.5 |
| Mother-in-law with woman | 40.9 |
| Husband with his mother | 8.2 |
| Mother-in-law with her son | 22.1 |
| Family planning | |
| Woman with her husband | 93.8 |
| Husband with woman | 84.9 |
| Woman with her mother-in-law | 52.0 |
| Mother-in-law with woman | 35.2 |
| Husband with his mother | 4.3 |
| Mother-in-law with her son | 10.2 |
| Table 2. Percentage distribution of women, by selected characteristics, according to whether they use contraceptives, and unadjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals indicating effect of characteristics on women's likelihood of using a modern contraceptive method | ||||
| Characteristics | Users | Nonusers | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
| Education | ||||
| Illiterate (ref) | 41.8 | 54.6 | 1.00 | na |
| Literate | 58.2 | 45.4 | 1.67*** | 1.23-2.28 |
| Husband's education | ||||
| Illiterate (ref) | 17.6 | 24.3 | 1.00 | na |
| Literate | 82.4 | 75.7 | 1.50* | 1.03-2.20 |
| Occupation | ||||
| Employed | 10.6 | 6.1 | 1.84* | 1.02-3.36 |
| Housewife (ref) | 89.4 | 93.9 | 1.00 | na |
| Marriage duration (years) | ||||
| <10 (ref) | 44.3 | 55.9 | 1.00 | na |
| >=10 | 55.7 | 44.1 | 1.59** | 1.17-2.17 |
| Urban exposure | ||||
| Yes | 86.1 | 78.0 | 1.76** | 1.17-2.64 |
| No (ref) | 13.9 | 22.0 | 1.00 | na |
| Household assets | ||||
| <4 (ref) | 12.1 | 16.0 | 1.00 | na |
| 5-9 | 69.5 | 74.1 | 1.24 | 0.79-1.94 |
| >=10 | 18.3 | 9.9 | 1.97** | 1.22-3.18 |
| Parity | ||||
| <4 (ref) | 62.1 | 76.4 | 1.00 | na |
| >=5 | 37.9 | 23.6 | 1.97** | 1.40-2.77 |
| Living sons | ||||
| <2 (ref) | 69.6 | 81.4 | 1.00 | na |
| >=3 | 30.4 | 18.6 | 1.92** | 1.33-2.79 |
| Living daughters | ||||
| <2 (ref) | 72.3 | 78.6 | 1.00 | na |
| >=3 | 27.7 | 21.4 | 1.41 | 0.98-2.02 |
| Mobility | ||||
| Yes | 34.2 | 26.5 | 1.44* | 1.03-2.02 |
| No (ref) | 65.8 | 73.5 | 1.00 | na |
| Decision-making | ||||
| Good | 79.5 | 71.6 | 1.54** | 1.07-2.20 |
| Poor (ref) | 20.5 | 28.4 | 1.00 | na |
| Discussed family size with husband | ||||
| Yes | 83.9 | 76.4 | 1.61** | 1.09-2.38 |
| No (ref) | 16.1 | 23.6 | 1.00 | na |
| Discussed family planning with mother-in-law | ||||
| Yes | 61.4 | 51.4 | 1.50** | 1.10-2.05 |
| No (ref) | 38.6 | 48.6 | 1.00 | na |
| Islam allows family planning | ||||
| Yes | 32.2 | 20.1 | 1.88*** | 1.31-2.70 |
| No (ref) | 67.8 | 79.9 | 1.00 | na |
| Received family planning messages from health care provider | ||||
| Yes | 91.6 | 74.1 | 3.80*** | 2.41-6.00 |
| No (ref) | 8.4 | 25.9 | 1.00 | na |
| Accepts family planning messages in media | ||||
| Yes | 78.0 | 64.2 | 1.97*** | 1.40-2.78 |
| No (ref) | 22.0 | 35.8 | 1.00 | na |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | na | na |
| *p<.05. **p<.01. ***p<.001. Notes: CI=confidence interval. ref=reference group. na=not | ||||
| applicable. | ||||
| Table 3. Percentage distribution of mothers-in-law, by selected characteristics, according to whether they use contraceptives, and unadjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals indicating effect of characteristics on women's likelihood of using a modern contraceptive method | ||||
| Characteristics | Users | Nonusers | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
| Education | ||||
| Illiterate (ref) | 85.9 | 88.2 | 1.00 | na |
| Literate | 14.1 | 11.8 | 1.23 | 0.77-1.95 |
| Discussed family planning with daughter-in-law | ||||
| Yes | 35.2 | 13.1 | 3.60*** | 2.40-5.40 |
| No (ref) | 64.8 | 86.9 | 1.00 | na |
| Believes Islam allows family planning | ||||
| Yes | 18.3 | 13.1 | 1.49* | 0.96-2.3 |
| No (ref) | 81.7 | 86.9 | 1.00 | na |
| Discussed family planning | ||||
| with son | ||||
| Yes | 10.2 | 5.4 | 1.97* | 1.06-3.69 |
| No (ref) | 89.8 | 94.6 | 1.00 | na |
| Forbids daughter-in-law to use contraceptives | ||||
| Yes (ref) | 17.1 | 25.9 | 1.00 | na |
| No | 82.9 | 74.1 | 1.70** | 1.16-2.47 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | na | na |
| *p<.05. **p<.01. ***p<.001. Notes: CI=confidence interval. ref=reference group. na=not applicable. | ||||
| Table 4. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from multivariate logistic | ||
| Characteristics | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
| Education | ||
| Illiterate (ref) | 1.00 | na |
| Literate | 2.02*** | 1.43-2.85 |
| Household assets | ||
| <4 (ref) | 1.00 | na |
| 5-9 | 1.09 | 0.67-1.76 |
| >=10 | 2.35** | 1.22-4.52 |
| Parity | ||
| < 4 (ref) | 1.00 | na |
| >=5 | 2.08*** | 1.39-3.12 |
| Living sons | ||
| < 2 (ref) | 1.00 | na |
| >=3 | 1.64* | 1.07-2.52 |
| Accepts family planning messages in media | ||
| Yes | 1.48* | 1.20-2.15 |
| No (ref) | 1.00 | na |
| Received family planning messages from a health care provider | ||
| Yes | 3.34*** | 2.08-5.35 |
| No (ref) | 1.00 | na |
| Believes Islam allows family planning | ||
| Yes | 1.59* | 1.07-2.35 |
| No (ref) | 1.00 | na |
| Woman's mother-in-law reported discussing family planning with her | ||
| Yes | 2.85*** | 1.88-4.31 |
| No (ref) | 1.00 | na |
| *p<.05. **p<.01. ***p<.001. Notes: CI=confidence interval. ref=reference group. na=not applicable. | ||
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© copyright 2001, The Alan Guttmacher Institute. |