Family Planning Perspectives | |
Why Are Condoms Used, and How Many Are Needed? Estimates from Orissa, India |
Table 1. Percentage distribution of respondents, by selected characteristics, according to marital status, four districts of Orissa, 1998 | |||
Characteristic | Total | Married men | Single men |
(N=2,087) | (N=958) | (N=1,129) | |
Residence | |||
Urban | 50.0 | 40.7 | 57.9 |
Rural | 50.0 | 59.3 | 42.1 |
District | |||
Balasore | 25.1 | 25.7 | 24.6 |
Cuttack | 25.2 | 19.4 | 30.1 |
Ganjam | 24.9 | 29.3 | 21.1 |
Puri | 24.8 | 25.6 | 24.2 |
Education | |||
None | 11.2 | 19.9 | 3.8 |
Primary/ | |||
nonformal | 17.3 | 26.9 | 9.2 |
Secondary | 34.7 | 36.1 | 33.5 |
Higher | 36.8 | 17.0 | 53.5 |
Caste | |||
Upper | 25.6 | 21.8 | 28.9 |
Scheduled | 21.9 | 26.2 | 18.3 |
Other backward | 49.5 | 48.5 | 50.4 |
Scheduled tribe | 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.1 |
None (Muslim) | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
Age-group | |||
18-19 | 12.4 | 0.1 | 22.9 |
20-24 | 30.1 | 7.2 | 49.5 |
25-29 | 26.5 | 31.3 | 22.5 |
30-35 | 31.0 | 61.4 | 5.1 |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Table 2. Percentage distribution of married current contraceptive users, by method, according to reason for using | |||
Method | All | Spacing* | Limiting |
(N=490) | (N=132) | (N=358) | |
Condom | 6.2 | 9.3 | 5.0 |
Pill | 20.3 | 27.3 | 17.6 |
IUD | 2.6 | 1.5 | 2.8 |
Female sterilization | 39.7 | 2.3 | 53.4 |
Male sterilization | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
Injectable | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
Withdrawal | 8.9 | 21.2 | 4.2 |
Abstinence | 9.7 | 15.2 | 7.5 |
Rhythm | 10.2 | 18.2 | 7.3 |
Other | 1.6 | 5.1 | 0.8 |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
*Based on current users who want more children or are undecided. Based on current users who want no more children. |
Table 3. Measures of average condom use and the need for condoms within marriage, and components of those measures, by men's reason for using and age | ||||||||
Measure | Spacing | Limiting | ||||||
All | 20-24 | 25-29 | 30-35 | All | 20-24 | 25-29 | 30-35 | |
(N=1,032) | (N=70) | (N=330) | (N=632) | (N=1,032) | (N=70) | (N=330) | (N=632) | |
Condom use per average man | ||||||||
% who want more children* | 50.3 | 91.5 | 67.2 | 36.8 | na | na | na | na |
% who want no more children | na | na | na | na | 49.7 | 8.5 | 32.8 | 63.2 |
% of couples using condoms | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
Monthly coital frequency | 9.1 | 12.5 | 9.8 | 7.6 | 6.3 | 9.3 | 7.5 | 6.0 |
Annual avg. no. of condoms used per man | 1.3 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.6 |
Need per average man | ||||||||
% who want more children* | 50.3 | 91.5 | 67.2 | 36.8 | na | na | na | na |
% who want no more children | na | na | na | na | 49.7 | 8.5 | 32.8 | 63.2 |
% whose wives are not pregnant | 87.3 | 72.3 | 87.9 | 90.9 | 87.4 | 57.1 | 76.5 | 90.8 |
% whose wives did not give birth in last year | 76.0 | 74.5 | 76.9 | 75.5 | 79.5 | 64.1 | 60.8 | 83.9 |
% wanting to wait >=2 years | 32.2 | 34.5 | 32.1 | 31.9 | na | na | na | na |
% in need for contraception§ | 10.7 | 17.0 | 14.6 | 8.1 | 34.5 | 3.1 | 15.3 | 48.1 |
Condom as % of all methods | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Monthly coital frequency | 10.4 | 17.4 | 11.6 | 7.8 | 7.0 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 6.7 |
Total condoms needed** | 1.2 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.9 |
Unmet need per average man | ||||||||
% with need unmet | 38.2 | 45.5 | 45.8 | 29.4 | 19.3 | 66.7 | 26.0 | 17.8 |
Annual unmet need for condoms per man | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
*Includes men who are undecided. Estimate is based on fewer than 25 respondents. Based on men with nonpregnant wives and no children younger than one year. §A man is defined as needing contraception for spacing if he wants more children, his wife is not currently pregnant, he has no children younger than one (a proxy for wife's fecundity status) and he wants to wait for at least two years before having the next child. A man is defined as needing contraception for limiting if he wants no more children, his wife is not currently pregnant and he has no children younger than one. **Calculated as the product of the proportion in need, the proportion of current users of modern methods who use condoms and the monthly coital frequency times 12. Note: na=not applicable. |
Table 4. Measures of average condom use and the need for condoms outside marriage, and components of those measures, by men's marital status, according to age | |||||
Measure | All | 18-19 | 20-24 | 25-29 | 30-35 |
Single | (N=1,055) | (N=248) | (N=530) | (N=227) | (N=50) |
% who reported having sex in last year | 9.2 | 7.7 | 10.9 | 7.9 | 4.0 |
Annual avg. no. of sexual encounters | 12.0 | 11.2 | 11.9 | 13.7 | 9.1 |
% of last encounters in which a condom was used | 18.6 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 18.6 |
Annual avg. no. of condoms used per man | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.07 |
Potential no. of condoms needed annually per man | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.4 |
Annual unmet need for condoms per man | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
Married | (N=1,032) | na | (N=70) | (N=330) | (N=632) |
% who reported having extramarital sex in last year | 4.5 | na | 11.4 | 5.5 | 3.3 |
Annual avg. no. of sexual encounters | 6.9 | na | 2.7 | 11.2 | 4.9 |
% of last encounters in which a condom was used | 6.5 | na | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
Annual avg. no. of condoms used per man | 0.02 | na | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
Potential no. of condoms needed annually per man | 0.3 | na | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
Annual unmet need for condoms per man | 0.3 | na | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
Note: na=not applicable. |
Table 5. Measures of condom use, need and unmet need, by men's marital status and reason for using | |||||
Measure | Married | Single | Total | ||
Spacing | Limiting | Extra-marital sex | |||
Current use | |||||
Condoms per year (000s) | 1,230 | 1,278 | 21 | 276 | 2,804 |
% of use | 43.9 | 45.6 | 0.7 | 9.8 | 100.0 |
Unmet need, assuming current method mix* | |||||
Condoms per year (000s) | 521 | 266 | 298 | 1,206 | 2,291 |
% of unmet need | 22.7 | 11.6 | 13.0 | 52.6 | 100.0 |
Unmet need, assuming modern method mix | |||||
Condoms per year (000s) | 2,324 | 551 | 298 | 1,206 | 4,379 |
% of unmet need | 53.1 | 12.6 | 6.8 | 27.5 | 100.0 |
Unmet need, assuming condoms only | |||||
Condoms per year (000s) | 26,178 | 32,187 | 298 | 1,206 | 59,870 |
% of unmet need | 43.7 | 53.8 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 100.0 |
*Estimated by assuming that all men with a partner at risk of a mistimed or unwanted birth who are using no contraceptive method will adopt the current method mix. Estimated by assuming that all men with a partner at risk of a mistimed or unwanted birth who are using no modern method adopt the current mix of modern methods. Estimated by assuming that condoms are used for all sex acts within marriage unless the couple wants to conceive. |
© copyright 2001, The Alan Guttmacher Institute. |