International Family Planning Perspectives | |
A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Impact of Four |
TABLE 1. Odds ratios indicating change between baseline and postintervention surveys in selected health beliefs among young women in intervention and comparison areas, and net effect of the intervention, four Sub-Saharan African countries | ||||||||||||
Health belief | Cameroon | Botswana | South Africa | Guinea | ||||||||
Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | |
Perceptions of risk | ||||||||||||
Sexual activity carries the risk of AIDS | 0.87 | 0.77 | None | 1.18 | 0.88 | None | 1.02 | 4.02** | Negative** | 1.24 | 1.16 | None |
Sexual activity carries the risk of pregnancy | 0.80 | 0.71* | None | 1.95** | 1.07 | Positive* | 7.03** | 0.45 | Positive** | 1.07 | 2.76** | Negative** |
Benefits of abstinence | ||||||||||||
Protects against unwanted pregnancy | 5.26** | 1.72** | Positive** | u | u | u | 1.96* | 0.58 | Positive** | u | u | u |
Protects against AIDS | u | u | u | 1.53** | 0.89 | Positive* | 2.28* | 1.13 | None | 1.30* | 1.31* | None |
Benefit of monogamy/fidelity | ||||||||||||
Protects against AIDS | u | u | u | 0.41** | 0.19** | None | 1.44 | 1.11 | None | 1.13 | 1.07 | None |
Benefits of condom use | ||||||||||||
Protects against unwanted pregnancy | 3.96** | 1.31 | Positive** | 3.75** | 1.75** | Positive** | 3.17** | 2.11* | None | 2.26** | 2.35** | None |
Protects against AIDS | u | u | u | 3.44** | 0.75 | Positive** | 3.50** | 0.95 | Positive** | 1.24 | 2.71** | Negative** |
Benefit of other contraceptive use | ||||||||||||
Protects against pregnancy | 4.48** | 1.95** | Positive** | u | u | u | 1.95** | 0.52** | Positive** | 1.19 | 1.84** | None |
Barriers to abstinence | ||||||||||||
Most people my age have sex | 0.85 | 0.58** | None | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Sex gives status | u | u | u | 1.19 | 1.62 | None | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Opposition to premarital sex | 1.05 | 1.06 | None | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Positive for women to have premarital sex | u | u | u | u | u | u | 1.60 | 1.01 | None | u | u | u |
Positive for men to have premarital sex | u | u | u | u | u | u | 1.09 | 0.51 | None | u | u | u |
Barriers to condom use | ||||||||||||
It is normal for a woman to propose condom use | 1.07 | 0.32** | Positive** | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
If women suggest condom use, lose respect | u | u | u | 1.62** | 1.91** | None | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Men should take responsibility for protection | u | u | u | u | u | u | 0.24* | 0.97 | None | u | u | u |
Self-efficacy | ||||||||||||
Believes that AIDS is avoidable | 0.96 | 0.11** | Positive** | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Often discusses sexuality/contraception | 1.46 | 0.77 | Positive** | u | u | u | u | u | u | 1.03 | 1.64* | None |
Discussed sexual matter with partner | u | u | u | 0.48* | 0.52* | None | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Feels confused about sexual matters | u | u | u | u | u | u | 0.21** | 1.79 | Positive** | u | u | u |
*p<.05. **p<.01. Notes: u=unavailable. The net effect is determined by the trend in each area and an interaction term that indicates whether the trends differ from each other. |
TABLE 2. Odds ratios indicating change between baseline and postintervention surveys in selected health beliefs among young men in intervention and comparison areas, and net effect of the intervention | |||||||||
Health belief | Cameroon | Botswana | Guinea | ||||||
Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | |
Perceptions of risk | |||||||||
Sexual activity carries the risk of AIDS | 0.66** | 0.62** | None | 3.02** | 2.68** | None | 0.81 | 0.91 | None |
Sexual activity carries the risk of pregnancy | 1.36* | 1.37* | None | 1.90** | 2.54** | None | 1.28 | 3.48** | Negative** |
Benefits of abstinence | |||||||||
Protects against unwanted pregnancy | 3.48** | 4.48** | None | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Protects against AIDS | u | u | u | 5.25** | 5.77** | None | 1.17 | 1.54** | None |
Benefit of monogamy/fidelity | |||||||||
Protects against AIDS | u | u | u | 1.51 | 1.03 | None | 1.06 | 1.03 | None |
Benefits of condom use | |||||||||
Protects against unwanted pregnancy | 1.39* | 0.57** | Positive** | 1.43* | 1.06 | None | 2.55** | 4.27** | None |
Protects against AIDS | u | u | u | 1.46** | 1.12 | None | 1.04 | 2.32** | Negative** |
Benefit of other contraceptive use | |||||||||
Protects against pregnancy | 3.93** | 1.38 | Positive** | u | u | u | 1.21 | 1.48 | None |
Barriers to abstinence | |||||||||
Most people my age have sex | 0.52** | 0.73* | None | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Sex gives status | u | u | u | 2.85** | 2.31 | None | u | u | u |
Opposition to premarital sex | 0.50** | 0.94 | Negative** | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Positive for women to have premarital sex | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Positive for men to have premarital sex | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Barriers to condom use | |||||||||
It is normal for a woman to propose condom use | 0.73** | 0.60** | None | u | u | u | u | u | u |
If women suggest condom use, lose respect | u | u | u | 1.02 | 0.75 | None | u | u | u |
Men should take responsibility for protection | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Self-efficacy | |||||||||
Believes that AIDS is avoidable | 0.64* | 0.46** | None | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Often discusses sexuality/contraception | 1.37 | 0.68* | Positive** | u | u | u | 0.93 | 0.47** | None |
Discussed sexual matter with partner | u | u | u | 3.11** | 3.92** | None | u | u | u |
Feels confused about sexual matters | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
*p<.05. **p<.01. Notes: u=unavailable. The net effect is determined by the trend in each area and an interaction term that indicates whether the trends differ from each other. Data for South African men are not shown because of poor quality. |
TABLE 3. Odds ratios indicating change between baseline and postintervention surveys in selected behaviors among young women in intervention and comparison areas, and net effect of the intervention | ||||||||||||
Behavior | Cameroon | Botswana | South Africa | Guinea | ||||||||
Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | |
Sexual partnerships | ||||||||||||
Sexually experienced | 0.81 | 0.80 | None | 0.44** | 0.45** | None | 0.68 | 1.22 | None | 0.85 | 1.05 | None |
Two or more partners during last month | 1.71* | 2.38** | None | u | u | u | u | u | u | 2.90 | 0.35 | Negative* |
Two or more casual partners in last year | u | u | u | 1.98* | 1.92* | None | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Have fewer partners to protect from AIDS | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | 1.85* | 0.64 | Positive* |
Contraceptive use | ||||||||||||
Ever used condom | 2.27** | 0.87 | Positive** | 1.64 | 1.55 | None | 1.85 | 2.20* | None | 0.42** | 0.43** | None |
Used condom at last sex | 1.66* | 2.13** | None | 0.71 | 1.46 | None | 1.49 | 3.73 | None | 0.80 | 0.31* | Positive* |
Uses condoms for pregnancy prevention | 3.82** | 2.12** | Positive* | u | u | u | 0.79 | 14.5* | Negative* | u | u | u |
Ever done anything to prevent pregnancy | u | u | u | 5.03** | 1.07 | Positive* | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Ever used pill | u | u | u | 1.40 | 0.81 | None | u | u | u | 5.32** | 0.65 | Positive** |
Uses modern method for pregnancy prevention | 3.32** | 5.90** | None | u | u | u | 1.73 | 1.91 | None | u | u | u |
Uses abstinence for pregnancy prevention | 2.40** | 0.56** | Positive** | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
*p<.05. **p<.01. Notes: u=unavailable. The net effect is determined by the trend in each area and an interaction term that indicates whether the trends differ from each other. |
TABLE 4. Odds ratios indicating change between baseline and postintervention surveys in selected behaviors among young men in intervention and comparison areas, and net effect of the intervention | |||||||||
Behavior | Cameroon | Botswana | Guinea | ||||||
Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | Intervention | Comparison | Net effect | |
Sexual partnerships | |||||||||
Sexually experienced | 0.44** | 0.54** | None | 0.81 | 1.15 | None | 1.03 | 0.80 | None |
Two or more partners during last month | 0.36** | 1.09 | Positive** | u | u | u | 1.45 | 0.62 | None |
Two or more casual partners in last year | u | u | u | 0.22** | 0.93 | Positive** | u | u | u |
Have fewer partners to protect from AIDS | u | u | u | u | u | u | 1.44 | 1.05 | None |
Contraceptive use | |||||||||
Ever used condom | 1.19 | 0.81 | None | 0.70 | 2.00 | None | 1.77** | 0.91 | None |
Used condom at last sex | 1.07 | 0.91 | None | 0.85 | 1.19 | None | 1.50** | 0.75 | Positive* |
Uses condoms for pregnancy prevention | 2.52** | 1.75** | None | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Ever done anything to prevent pregnancy | u | u | u | 1.04 | 2.32* | None | u | u | u |
Ever used pill | u | u | u | 1.87* | 1.91 | None | u | u | u |
Uses modern method for pregnancy prevention | 11.05** | 1.93 | Positive** | u | u | u | u | u | u |
Uses abstinence for pregnancy prevention | 3.10** | 1.99** | Positive* | u | u | u | u | u | u |
*p<.05. **p<.01. Notes: u=unavailable. The net effect is determined by the trend in each area and an interaction term that indicates whether the trends differ from each other. Data for South African men are not presented because of poor quality. At the time this article was written, Sohail Agha was senior research and evaluation coordinator, AIDSMark/PSI, and an affiliate of the Department of Demography, University of Zambia. He is currently senior scientist, Abt Associates, and deputy director of research, Commercial Market Strategies Project, Washington, DC. |
© copyright 2002, the Alan Guttmacher Institute. |