| Table 1. Percentage distribution of women in study population, by selected characteristics, Kaiser Permanente, 1995-1996 (N=5,060) | |
| Characteristic | % |
| Age at interview | |
| 19-34 | 11.6 |
| 35-49 | 26.2 |
| 50-64 | 30.8 |
| >=65 | 31.4 |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | 77.2 |
| Black | 4.9 |
| Hispanic | 6.4 |
| Asian | 7.5 |
| American Indian | 0.4 |
| Other | 3.6 |
| Education | |
| Some high school | 7.6 |
| High school graduate | 23.2 |
| Some college | 32.6 |
| College graduate | 36.6 |
| Employment* | |
| Full-time | 40.5 |
| Part-time | 11.9 |
| Retired/unemployed | 47.6 |
| Currently married† | |
| Yes | 67.0 |
| No | 33.0 |
| *Sample is incomplete, due to missing data for 342 cases. †Includes those who were living as married (i.e., cohabiting). | |
| Table 2. Number and percentage of women reporting selected STD and HIV risk factors, by experience with adverse childhood experiences, and relative risk of such experiences | |||||||||
| Adverse experience | 1st sex <15 | Self-perceived AIDS risk | >=30 partners | ||||||
| N | % | Relative risk | N | % | Relative risk | N | % | Relative risk | |
| Physical abuse | |||||||||
| Yes | 179 | 12.9 | 2.0 (1.6-2.4) | 67 | 4.7 | 1.7 (1.3-2.3) | 47 | 3.6 | 2.2 (1.5-3.1) |
| No (ref) | 222 | 6.5 | 1.0 | 97 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 55 | 1.7 | |
| Verbal abuse | |||||||||
| Yes | 112 | 16.7 | 2.4 (1.9-2.9) | 37 | 5.3 | 1.8 (1.3-2.6) | 38 | 6.1 | 3.8 (2.6-5.4) |
| No (ref) | 289 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 127 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 64 | 1.6 | 1.0 |
| Sexual abuse | |||||||||
| Yes | 187 | 15.7 | 2.6 (2.2-3.2) | 64 | 5.2 | 2.0 (1.4-2.6) | 48 | 4.3 | 2.8 (1.9-4.0) |
| No (ref) | 214 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 100 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 54 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
| Battered mother | |||||||||
| Yes | 98 | 15.2 | 2.1 (1.7-2.6) | 47 | 7.1 | 2.6 (1.9-3.6) | 20 | 3.3 | 1.6 (0.99-2.6) |
| No (ref) | 303 | 7.3 | 1.0 | 117 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 82 | 2.1 | 1.0 |
| Incarcerated family member | |||||||||
| Yes | 29 | 17.3 | 2.3 (1.5-3.0) | 13 | 7.6 | 2.4 (1.4-4.2) | 8 | 4.9 | 2.3 (1.1-4.5) |
| No (ref) | 369 | 8.1 | 1.0 | 150 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 94 | 2.2 | 1.0 |
| Household substance abuse | |||||||||
| Yes | 198 | 14.6 | 2.5 (2.1-3.0) | 64 | 4.6 | 1.7 (1.2-2.3) | 49 | 3.9 | 2.4 (1.7-3.5) |
| No (ref) | 203 | 5.9 | 1.0 | 100 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 53 | 1.6 | 1.0 |
| Household mental illness | |||||||||
| Yes | 123 | 12.1 | 1.6 (1.3-2.0) | 47 | 4.5 | 1.5 (1.1-2.1) | 47 | 5.0 | 3.3 (2.3-4.7) |
| No (ref) | 278 | 7.4 | 1.0 | 117 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 55 | 1.5 | 1.0 |
| Table 3. Percentage of women reporting sexual risk behavior, by number of types of adverse childhood experiences, and odds ratios showing association between number of types of experiences and risk behavior | ||||||
| No. of types | 1st sex <15 | Self-perceived AIDS risk | >=30 partners | |||
| % | Odds ratio | % | Odds ratio | % | Odds ratio | |
| 0 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1 | 7.4 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
| 2 | 11.4 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 2.4 |
| 3 | 11.0 | 3.1 | 4.7 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 4.6 |
| 4-5 | 18.8 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 2.4 | 5.1 | 5.5 |
| 6-7 | 30.5 | 10.9 | 15.1 | 7.7 | 12.3 | 14.4 |
| Table 4. Adjusted odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) showing relationship between number of types of exposure to adverse childhood experiences and selected STD and HIV risk factors | |||
| No. of experiences | 1st sex <15 | Self-perceived AIDS risk | >=30 partners |
| 0 (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1 | 1.8 (1.32-2.52) | 1.2 (0.73-1.82) | 1.6 (0.86-3.11) |
| 2 | 2.8 (2.00-3.86) | 1.3 (0.75-2.09) | 1.9 (0.93-3.74) |
| 3 | 2.5 (1.73-3.65) | 1.7 (1.00-2.83) | 3.5 (1.82-6.82) |
| 4-5 | 4.5 (3.17-6.26) | 1.8 (1.10-3.10) | 3.8 (2.00-7.31) |
| 6-7 | 7.0 (4.12-11.87) | 4.9 (2.49-9.61) | 8.2 (3.51-19.22) |
| Notes: All odds ratios are adjusted for age at interview and race. ref=reference group. | |||
| Table 5. Percentage of women reporting sexual risk behavior, by frequency of selected adverse childhood experiences, and adjusted odds ratios showing relationship between exposure and risk behavior | ||||||
| Experience and frequency | 1st sex <15 | Self-perceived AIDS risk | >=30 partners | |||
| % | Odds ratio | % | Odds ratio | % | Odds ratio | |
| Physical abuse | ||||||
| Often/very often | 19.6 | 2.8 (2.1-4.0) | 6.6 | 2.2 (1.3-3.7) | 8.9 | 4.3 (2.6-7.1) |
| Sometimes | 11.0 | 1.5 (1.2-1.9) | 4.4 | 1.5 (1.0-2.2) | 2.6 | 1.3 (0.8-2.2) |
| Rarely/never (ref) | 7.0 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
| Verbal abuse | ||||||
| Often/very often | 17.7 | 2.7 (2.1-3.5) | 5.6 | 1.8 (1.2-2.8) | 6.7 | 3.8 (2.4-6.0) |
| Sometimes | 10.1 | 1.5 (1.2-2.0) | 3.9 | 1.3 (0.9-1.9) | 2.6 | 1.6 (0.9-2.6) |
| Rarely/never (ref) | 6.1 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.0 |
| Mother was hit | ||||||
| Often/very often | 20.1 | 2.5 (1.8-3.6) | 6.2 | 1.7 (1.0-3.1) | 5.6 | 2.2 (1.2-4.3) |
| Sometimes | 13.2 | 1.8 (1.3-2.6) | 8.1 | 2.8 (1.8-4.4) | 2.5 | 1.2 (0.6-2.5) |
| Rarely/never (ref) | 7.4 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.0 |
| Notes: All odds ratios are adjusted for age at interview and race. ref=reference group. | ||||||
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© copyright 2001, The Alan Guttmacher Institute. |