| Table 1. Selected mean values, and percentage distribution of women, by selected characteristics, all according to data set and age at first birth, National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth (NLSY) and Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | NLSY | PSID | ||||||||
| Total | <20 | 20-24 | 25-29 | >=30 | Total | <20 | 20-24 | 25-29 | >=30 | |
| (N=4,013) | (N=994) | (N=1,013) | (N=742) | (N=1,264) | (N=3,562) | (N=992) | (N=1,065) | (N=648) | (N=857) | |
| MEANS | ||||||||||
| Yrs. of schooling | 13.2 | 11.3 | 12.6 | 13.9 | 14.5 | 13.1 | 11.4 | 12.7 | 14.2 | 14.3 |
| No. of siblings | 3.3 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
| Mother's mean yrs. of schooling | 11.7 | 10.4 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 12.8 | 11.4 | 10.3 | 11.3 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
| PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS | ||||||||||
| Age at first birth | ||||||||||
| <20 | 19.6 | na | na | na | na | 23.7 | na | na | na | na |
| 20-24 | 24.9 | na | na | na | na | 28.7 | na | na | na | na |
| 25-29 | 21.2 | na | na | na | na | 19.8 | na | na | na | na |
| >=30/no birth | 34.3 | na | na | na | na | 27.8 | na | na | na | na |
| Black | ||||||||||
| Yes | 14.4 | 28.7 | 15.3 | 7.3 | 6.8 | 15.8 | 27.2 | 15.8 | 9.2 | 9.2 |
| No | 85.6 | 71.3 | 84.7 | 92.7 | 93.2 | 84.2 | 72.8 | 84.2 | 90.8 | 90.8 |
| Family structure at age 14 | ||||||||||
| Two parents | 84.6 | 76.3 | 84.9 | 88.7 | 86.6 | 82.4 | 72.9 | 82.8 | 87.2 | 87.2 |
| Mother only | 13.3 | 19.2 | 12.8 | 10.6 | 10.1 | 15.9 | 24.7 | 15.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
| Father only | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Other | 1.9 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 1.0 | u | u | u | u | u |
| Maternal employment at age 14 | ||||||||||
| Employed | 54.5 | 53.9 | 56.8 | 52.9 | 48.3 | 59.9 | 54.7 | 62.5 | 58.8 | 58.8 |
| Not employed | 45.5 | 46.1 | 43.2 | 47.1 | 51.7 | 40.1 | 45.3 | 37.5 | 41.2 | 41.2 |
| Region | ||||||||||
| Northeast | 17.8 | 10.9 | 15.0 | 17.9 | 27.0 | 22.5 | 15.5 | 18.5 | 25.6 | 25.6 |
| North Central | 29.3 | 30.0 | 32.2 | 35.5 | 27.9 | 26.9 | 26.7 | 29.1 | 30.5 | 30.5 |
| South | 36.8 | 47.2 | 35.4 | 31.1 | 30.7 | 32.1 | 41.4 | 35.3 | 25.0 | 25.0 |
| West | 16.1 | 11.9 | 17.4 | 15.4 | 17.8 | 18.1 | 16.4 | 16.6 | 17.9 | 17.9 |
| Other country | na | na | na | na | na | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| Period of first birth | ||||||||||
| Early 1960s | na | na | na | na | na | 3.2 | 13.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Late 1960s | na | na | na | na | na | 11.7 | 26.0 | 19.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Early 1970s | 2.4 | 12.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14.6 | 24.0 | 23.9 | 10.4 | 10.4 |
| Late 1970s | 16.5 | 59.5 | 19.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 17.4 | 24.2 | 21.8 | 24.0 | 24.0 |
| Early 1980s | 25.1 | 28.0 | 62.3 | 19.2 | 0.0 | 15.6 | 12.2 | 23.9 | 22.6 | 22.6 |
| Late 1980s | 21.3 | 0.1 | 17.8 | 62.8 | 41.5 | 10.7 | 0.0 | 11.2 | 24.2 | 24.2 |
| Early 1990s | 8.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 17.9 | 57.9 | 11.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 18.7 | 18.7 |
| Birth cohort | ||||||||||
| Late 1940s | na | na | na | na | na | 23.0 | 26.6 | 27.7 | 16.7 | 19.6 |
| Early 1950s | na | na | na | na | na | 25.8 | 25.2 | 25.5 | 27.3 | 25.8 |
| Late 1950s | na | na | na | na | na | 23.4 | 25.4 | 22.0 | 22.5 | 24.0 |
| Early 1960s | 59.1 | 57.0 | 56.7 | 62.6 | 59.9 | 24.8 | 19.8 | 22.3 | 30.9 | 27.3 |
| Late 1960s | na | na | na | na | na | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 3.3 |
| Notes: All values are based on weighted data. u=unavailable. na=not applicable. | ||||||||||
| Table 2. Coefficients and odds ratios from ordinary least-squares and logistic regressions examining the effect of first-birth timing on schooling outcomes, NLSY and PSID | ||||
| Outcome and timing of first birth | NLSY | PSID | ||
| Coefficient | Odds ratio | Coefficient | Odds ratio | |
| Years of schooling through age 29 | ||||
| Teens | -1.94** | na | -2.20** | na |
| Early 20s | -1.07** | na | -1.34** | na |
| Late 20s | -0.23 | na | -0.07 | na |
| >=30/no birth (ref) | na | na | na | na |
| High school completed | ||||
| Teens | -2.09** | 0.12 | -2.27** | 0.10 |
| Early 20s | -0.53* | 0.59 | -0.77* | 0.46 |
| Late 20s | -0.13 | 0.88 | 0.86* | 2.37 |
| >=30/no birth (ref) | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 |
| Some college completed | ||||
| Teens | -1.25** | 0.29 | -1.99** | 0.14 |
| Early 20s | -0.55** | 0.58 | -1.25** | 0.29 |
| Late 20s | -0.15 | 0.86 | -0.06 | 0.94 |
| >=30/no birth (ref) | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 |
| *p<.05. **p<.01. Notes: All models include controls for birth period, race, number of siblings, maternal education, family structure at age 14, maternal employment status at age 14 and region. na=not applicable. ref=reference group. | ||||
| Table 3. Coefficients and odds ratios from logistic regression models using different reference groups to examine differences in the effects of age at first birth on high school completion and some college completion between families and within families, PSID | ||||||||
| Age at first birth | High school completed | Some college completed | ||||||
| Between families† | Within families‡ | Between families† | Within families‡ | |||||
| Coefficient | Odds ratio | Coefficient | Odds ratio | Coefficient | Odds ratio | Coefficient | Odds ratio | |
| Model A | ||||||||
| 12-17 | -1.21** | 0.30 | -0.39 | 0.68 | -1.28** | 0.28 | -0.62* | 0.54 |
| 18-19 | -0.71** | 0.49 | -0.19 | 0.83 | -1.41** | 0.25 | -1.07** | 0.34 |
| 20-24 | 0.20 | 1.22 | 0.76** | 2.14 | -0.62** | 0.54 | -0.41* | 0.66 |
| 25-29 | 1.53** | 4.62 | 1.58** | 4.87 | 0.31* | 1.37 | 0.12 | 1.13 |
| >=30/no birth (ref) | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 |
| Model B | ||||||||
| 12-17 | -2.74** | 0.07 | -1.86** | 0.16 | na | na | na | na |
| 18-19 | -2.24** | 0.11 | -1.66** | -0.19 | na | na | na | na |
| 20-24 | -1.33** | 0.27 | -0.71 | 0.49 | na | na | na | na |
| 25-29 (ref) | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 | na | na | na | na |
| >=30/no birth | -1.53** | 0.22 | -1.48** | 0.23 | na | na | na | na |
| *p<.05. **p<.01. †Includes controls for race, number of siblings, maternal education, family structure at age 14, maternal employment status when daughter was 14, family income at age 14, region and birth cohort. ‡Includes only control for birth cohort. Notes: ref=reference group. na=not applicable. | ||||||||
| Table 4. Selected mean values, and percentage distribution of PSID respondents, by selected characteristics, all according to schooling outcome and sample | ||||||||
| Characteristic | High school completed | Some college completed | ||||||
| All women | All sisters | Matched sisters | All women | All sisters | Matched sisters | |||
| (N=4,998) | (N=2,497) | (N=690) | (N=4,712) | (N=2,316) | (N=941) | |||
| MEANS | ||||||||
| No. of siblings | 2.8 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 4.3 | ||
| Family income at age 14 ($) | 22,155 | 24,184 | 17,722 | 23,733 | 22,773 | 22,204 | ||
| Mother's mean yrs. of schooling | 11.8 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 11.6 | 11.4 | ||
| PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS | ||||||||
| Age at first birth | ||||||||
| <18 | 9.4 | 11.1 | 23.3 | 9.4 | 11.2 | 11.6 | ||
| 18-19 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 21.3 | 13.0 | 13.9 | 16.5 | ||
| 20-24 | 25.9 | 22.6 | 20.0 | 27.2 | 24.2 | 25.2 | ||
| 25-29 | 15.7 | 14.5 | 8.7 | 16.6 | 15.6 | 16.1 | ||
| >=30 | 36.4 | 38.5 | 26.6 | 33.8 | 35.1 | 30.5 | ||
| Completed high school/some college | ||||||||
| Yes | 88.5 | 86.3 | 55.8 | 54.4 | 50.6 | 46.3 | ||
| No | 11.5 | 13.7 | 44.2 | 45.6 | 49.4 | 53.7 | ||
| Black | ||||||||
| Yes | 14.9 | 19.9 | 35.9 | 15.2 | 20.7 | 22.5 | ||
| No | 85.1 | 80.1 | 64.1 | 84.8 | 79.3 | 77.5 | ||
| Family structure at age 14 | ||||||||
| Two parents | 57.2 | 64.6 | 55.2 | 56.3 | 64.0 | 66.0 | ||
| Mother only | 12.2 | 15.9 | 28.6 | 11.8 | 15.3 | 15.9 | ||
| Father only | 2.3 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.9 | ||
| Missing | 28.3 | 18.1 | 15.2 | 29.7 | 19.2 | 17.1 | ||
| Maternal employment at age 14 | ||||||||
| Employed | 43.9 | 50.3 | 50.1 | 42.6 | 49.0 | 48.9 | ||
| Not employed | 56.1 | 49.7 | 49.9 | 57.4 | 51.0 | 51.1 | ||
| Region | ||||||||
| Northeast | 21.1 | 22.7 | 13.5 | 21.3 | 23.0 | 22.3 | ||
| North Central | 26.7 | 25.5 | 27.6 | 26.7 | 25.6 | 28.7 | ||
| South | 32.7 | 33.5 | 38.9 | 32.4 | 33.3 | 28.2 | ||
| West | 19.6 | 18.3 | 20.0 | 19.6 | 18 | 20.8 | ||
| Other country | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Birth cohort | ||||||||
| Late 1940s | 16.8 | 7.3 | 2.9 | 17.6 | 7.8 | 5.3 | ||
| 1950s | 36.0 | 36.5 | 38.5 | 37.9 | 39.1 | 42.1 | ||
| 1960s | 32.6 | 37.4 | 35.4 | 34.4 | 40.1 | 41.3 | ||
| 1970s | 14.6 | 18.9 | 23.2 | 10.1 | 12.9 | 11.3 | ||
| Table 5. Coefficients and odds ratios from regression models examining the effects of age at first birth, period of first birth and interactions between those variables on education, PSID | |||||
| Variable | Schooling through age 29 | High school completed | Some college completed | ||
| Coefficient | Coefficient | Odds ratio | Coefficient | Odds ratio | |
| Age at first birth | |||||
| Teens | -1.34** | -2.54** | 0.08 | -1.89** | 0.15 |
| Early 20s | -1.26** | -1.13** | 0.32 | -1.37** | 0.25 |
| Late 20s | 0.03 | 2.20** | 9.05 | -0.12 | 0.88 |
| >=30/no birth (ref) | na | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 |
| Period of first birth | |||||
| Early 1960s (ref) | na | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 |
| Late 1960s | 1.76** | 0.83 | 2.30 | 1.06** | 2.90 |
| Early 1970s | 1.58** | 0.99* | 2.70 | 1.99** | 7.32 |
| Late 1970s | 3.28** | -0.41 | 0.66 | 2.26** | 9.55 |
| Early 1980s | 1.67** | -1.25* | 0.29 | 1.11* | 3.03 |
| Late 1980s | 2.42** | 4.10 | 6.02 | 1.35** | 3.85 |
| Early 1990s | 2.38** | 0.21 | 1.24 | 1.67** | 5.29 |
| Interactions | |||||
| Teens x early 1960s (ref) | na | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 |
| Teens x late 1960s | -0.88 | 0.27 | 1.31 | u | u |
| Teens x early 1970s | -0.32 | 0.13 | 1.14 | -0.44 | 0.65 |
| Teens x late 1970s | -1.94** | 1.24 | 3.49 | -0.75* | 0.48 |
| Teens x early 1980s | u | 2.23** | 9.30 | -0.32 | 1.38 |
| Teens x late 1980s | u | -3.43 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 1.13 |
| Early 20s x early 1970s | 0.22 | u | u | -0.50 | 0.61 |
| Early 20s x late 1970s | -0.81 | 1.85* | 6.35 | u | u |
| Early 20s x early 1980s | 0.35 | 2.78** | 8.83 | 0.51 | 1.67 |
| Early 20s x late 1980s | u | -3.07 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 1.44 |
| Late 20s x late 1970s | -1.14* | u | u | -0.67* | 0.51 |
| Late 20s x early 1980s | 0.92* | -0.17 | 1.19 | -0.73 | 2.08 |
| Late 20s x late 1980s | -0.47 | -5.89 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 1.09 |
| *p<.05. **p<.01. Notes: Analyses control for race, number of siblings, maternal education, family structure at age 14, maternal employment status at age 14 and region. ref=reference group. u=unavailable. na=not applicable. | |||||
| Table 6. Predicted years of schooling and probabilities of completing high school and completing some college, by period of first birth, according to age at first birth, PSID | ||||
| Schooling outcome and period of first birth | Teens | Early 20s | Late 20s | >=30 |
| Yrs. of schooling through age 29 | ||||
| Early 1960s | 10.57 | 10.64 | 11.94 | 11.91 |
| Late 1960s | 11.45 | 12.41 | 13.70 | 13.67 |
| Early 1970s | 11.83 | 12.44 | 13.52 | 13.48 |
| Late 1970s | 11.91 | 13.11 | 14.08 | 15.19 |
| Early 1980s | 12.23 | 12.66 | 14.52 | 13.57 |
| Late 1980s | 12.99 | 13.06 | 13.89 | 14.33 |
| Early 1990s | 12.95 | 13.02 | 14.32 | 14.29 |
| High school completed | ||||
| Early 1960s | 0.60 | 0.86 | 0.99 | 0.95 |
| Late 1960s | 0.82 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.98 |
| Early 1970s | 0.82 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.98 |
| Late 1970s | 0.78 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.93 |
| Early 1980s | 0.80 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.85 |
| Late 1980s | 0.75 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 1.00 |
| Early 1990s | 0.65 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.96 |
| Some college completed | ||||
| Early 1960s | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 0.34 |
| Late 1960s | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.57 | 0.60 |
| Early 1970s | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.77 | 0.79 |
| Late 1970s | 0.26 | 0.55 | 0.69 | 0.83 |
| Early 1980s | 0.24 | 0.40 | 0.74 | 0.61 |
| Late 1980s | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.66 | 0.66 |
| Early 1990s | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.70 | 0.73 |
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© copyright 2001, The Alan Guttmacher Institute. |