Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive
Health | |
Employment and the Sexual and Reproductive |
TABLE 1. Hazard ratios from Weibull hazard regressions examining the effects of employment and selected control variables on the likelihood of experiencing first intercourse before age 20 among 14-16-year-olds in 1979 (N=1,685) | |||
Variable | Employment measure | ||
Cumulative mos. | Currently employed | Both | |
Cumulative mos. employed | 1.01** | na | 1.00 |
Currently employed | na | 1.20** | 1.14 |
In school | 0.77** | 0.78** | 0.78** |
Family structure | |||
Mother only | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
Stepparent | 1.39** | 1.39** | 1.39** |
Other | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.11 |
Both parents (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Family poor | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.18 |
Ever used drugs/alcohol | 1.99** | 2.01** | 1.99** |
Religious identification | |||
Catholic | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.77 |
Baptist | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.89 |
Protestant | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.79 |
Jewish/other | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.76 |
None (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Religious attendance | |||
Poor | 1.45** | 1.45** | 1.46** |
Occasional | 1.45** | 1.44* | 1.44* |
Moderate | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 |
Frequent (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Age at menarche | 0.92** | 0.92** | 0.92** |
Occupational aspirations/expectations | |||
Professional/>=good | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 |
Professional/<fair | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 |
Nonprofessional/>=good | 1.27* | 1.26* | 1.26* |
Nonprofessional/<fair | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.09 |
No expectations (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Age | |||
13 | 0.22** | 0.21** | 0.22** |
14 | 0.53** | 0.51** | 0.54** |
15 | 1.09 | 1.03 | 1.10 |
16 | 1.31 | 1.21 | 1.30 |
17 | 1.54** | 1.44** | 1.52** |
18 | 1.62** | 1.56** | 1.61** |
19 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Log likelihood | -1,712.7 | -1,712.5 | -1,711.4 |
No. of person-mos. | 76,346 | 76,346 | 76,346 |
*p<.05 **p<.01. p<.10. Notes: Variables not shown in the table had no significant or marginally significant effects in any model. na=not applicable. ref=reference group. |
TABLE 2. Hazard ratios from Weibull hazard regressions examining the effects of employment and selected control variables on the likelihood of experiencing first intercourse before age 20, by race | |||
Race and measure | Employment measure | ||
Cumulative mos. | Currently employed | Both | |
White (N=922) | |||
Cumulative mos. employed | 1.01** | na | 1.01 |
Currently employed | na | 1.24* | 1.15 |
Log likelihood | -935.2 | -935.7 | -934.4 |
No. of person-mos. | 42,107 | 42,107 | 42,107 |
Black (N=436) | |||
Cumulative mos. employed | 1.01 | na | 1.01 |
Currently employed | na | 1.31 | 1.24 |
Log likelihood | -442.8 | -442.3 | -442.0 |
No. of person-mos. | 18,859 | 18,859 | 18,859 |
*p<.05. **p<.01. p<.10. Note: na=not applicable. |
TABLE 3. Hazard ratios from Weibull hazard regressions examining the effects of intensity of current employment and cumulative employment on the likelihood of experiencing first intercourse before age 20, all women and white women | ||
Variable | Employment measure | |
Intensity | Intensity and cumulative mos. | |
All | ||
Intensity of current employment (hrs./mo.) | ||
0 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1-40 | 0.96 | 0.92 |
41-80 | 1.07 | 1.03 |
81-120 | 1.12 | 1.08 |
>120 | 1.43** | 1.36** |
Cumulative mos. employed | na | 1.01 |
Log likelihood | -1,708.3 | -1,707.5 |
No. of person-mos. | 76,346 | 76,346 |
Whites | ||
Intensity of current employment (hrs./mo.) | ||
0 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1-40 | 0.88 | 0.83 |
41-80 | 1.08 | 1.02 |
81-120 | 1.14 | 1.08 |
>120 | 1.58** | 1.48** |
Cumulative mos. employed | na | 1.01 |
Log likelihood | -930.0 | -929.0 |
No. of person-mos. | 42,107 | 42,107 |
**p<.01. Notes: Blacks and Hispanics are excluded because no employment effects were significant. na=not applicable. ref=reference group. |
TABLE 4. Hazard ratios from Weibull hazard regressions examining the effects of employment and selected control variables on the likelihood of a nonmarital pregnancy among sexually experienced young women (N=829) | ||
Variable | Employment measure | |
Cumulative mos. | Currently employed | |
Cumulative mos. employed | 1.00 | na |
Currently employed | na | 1.05 |
In school | 0.78 | 0.79 |
Mother's education | 0.94** | 0.94** |
Family structure | ||
Mother only | 1.23 | 1.24 |
Stepparent | 1.38 | 1.39 |
Other | 1.42 | 1.43* |
Both parents (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Family poor | 1.62** | 1.62 |
Race/ethnicity | ||
Black | 1.38 | 1.37 |
Hispanic | 1.71** | 1.70** |
White (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Log likelihood | -697.0 | -697.8 |
No. of person-mos. | 19,898 | 19,898 |
*p<.05. **p<.01. p<.10. Notes: na=not applicable. ref=reference group. |
TABLE 5. Hazard ratios from Weibull hazard regressions examining the effects of various employment measures on the likelihood of a nonmarital pregnancy among sexually experienced black and Hispanic young women | |||||
Variable | Employment measure | ||||
Cumulative mos. | Currently employed | Intensity | Cumulative mos. and currently employed | Cumulative mos. and intensity | |
Blacks (N=227) | |||||
Cumulative mos. employed | 1.04** | na | na | 1.03 | 1.03 |
Currently employed | na | 2.20** | na | 1.83* | na |
Intensity of current employment (hrs./mo.) | |||||
0 (ref) | na | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 |
1-40 | na | na | 2.73 | na | 2.20 |
41-80 | na | na | 2.65* | na | 2.18 |
81-120 | na | na | 2.70** | na | 2.29* |
>120 | na | na | 1.73 | na | 1.40 |
Log likelihood | -187.4 | -186.6 | -185.8 | -184.8 | -183.9 |
No. of person-mos. | 5,457 | 5,457 | 5,457 | 5,457 | 5,457 |
Hispanics (N=108) | |||||
Cumulative mos. employed | 0.98 | na | na | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Currently employed | na | 0.48* | na | 0.52* | na |
Intensity of current employment (hrs./mo.) | |||||
0 (ref) | na | na | 1.00 | na | 1.00 |
1-80 | na | na | 0.29* | na | 0.31 |
81-120 | na | na | 1.23 | na | 1.28 |
>120 | na | na | 0.38** | na | 0.41** |
Log likelihood | -107.4 | -105.9 | -103.5 | -105.7 | -103.4 |
No. of person-mos. | 2,618 | 2,618 | 2,618 | 2,618 | 2,618 |
*p<.05. **p<.01. p<.10. Notes: na=not applicable. ref=reference group. |
© copyright 2002, the Alan Guttmacher Institute. |