1. Kaplan DW et al., Care of the adolescent sexual assault victim, Pediatrics, 2001, 107(6):1476-1479.
2. Grunbaum JA et al., Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2003, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2004, 53(SS-2); Kilpatrick DJ et al., Rape in America: A Report to the Nation, Arlington, VA: National Victim Center, 1992; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Appendix A: selected Healthy People 2010 objectives related to child and adolescent unintentional injury, violence, and suicide prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2001, 50(RR-22); Erickson PI and Rapkin AJ, Unwanted sexual experiences among middle and high school youth, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1991, 12(4):319-325; Mynatt CR and Allgeier ER, Risk factors, self-attributions, and adjustment problems among victims of sexual coercion, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1990, 20(2, pt. 1):130-153; Cheng MM and Udry JR, Sexual behaviors of physically disabled adolescents in the United States, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2002, 31(1):48-58; Moore KA, Nord WC and Peterson JC, Nonvoluntary sexual activity among adolescents, Family Planning Perspectives, 1989, 21(3):110-114; and Nagy S et al., Adverse factors associated with forced sex among southern adolescent girls, Pediatrics, 1995, 96(5, pt. 1):944-946.
3. Koss MP, The hidden rape victim: personality, attitudinal, and situational characteristics, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1985, 9(2):193- 212; Small SA and Kerns D, Unwanted sexual activity among peers during early and middle adolescence: incidence and risk factors, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1993, 55(4):941-952; Wordes M and Nunez M, Our Vulnerable Teenagers: Their Victimization, Its Consequences, and Directions for Prevention and Intervention, Washington, DC: National Council on Crime and Delinquency and National Center for Victims of Crime, 2002; Fisher BS et al., The Sexual Victimization of College Women, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 2000; Fromuth ME, The relationship of childhood sexual abuse with later psychological and sexual adjustment in a sample of college women, Child Abuse and Neglect, 1986, 10(1):5-15; and Gorcey M et al., Psychological consequences for women sexually abused in childhood, Social Psychiatry, 1986, 21(3):129-133.
4. Grunbaum JA et al., 2004, op. cit. (see reference 2).
5. Moore KA, Nord WC and Peterson JC, 1989, op. cit. (see reference 2).
6. Kilpatrick DJ et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 2).
7. CDC, 2001, op. cit. (see reference 2).
8. Erickson PI and Rapkin AJ, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Mynatt CR and Allgeier ER, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 2).
9. Cheng MM and Udry JR, 2002, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Moore KA, Nord WC and Peterson JC, 1989, op. cit. (see reference 2).
10. Erickson PI and Rapkin AJ, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Nagy S et al., 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2).
11. Upchurch DM and Kusunoki Y, Associations between forced sex, sexual and protective practices, and sexually transmitted diseases among a national sample of adolescent girls, Women's Health Issues, 2004, 14(3): 75-84.
12. Koss MP, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 3).
13. Moore KA, Nord WC and Peterson JC, 1989, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Small SA and Kerns D, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 3).
14. Moore KA, Nord WC and Peterson JC, 1989, op. cit. (see reference 2).
15. Small SA and Kerns D, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 3).
16. Moore KA, Nord WC and Peterson JC, 1989, op. cit. (see reference 2).
17. Wordes M and Nunez M, 2002, op. cit. (see reference 3); Fisher BS et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 3); Fromuth ME, 1986, op. cit. (see reference 3); Gorcey M et al., 1986, op. cit. (see reference 3); and Fergusson DM et al., Childhood sexual abuse, adolescent sexual behaviors and sexual revictimization, Child Abuse and Neglect, 1997, 21(8):789-803.
18. Humphrey JA and White JW, Women's vulnerability to sexual assault from adolescence to young adulthood, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2000, 27(6):419-424.
19. Noll JG et al., Revictimization and self-harm in females who experienced childhood sexual abuse: results from a prospective study, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2003, 18(12):1452-1471.
20. Erickson PI and Rapkin AJ, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Small SA and Kerns D, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 3).
21. Fisher BS et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 3).
22. Koss MP, The measurement of rape victimization in crime surveys, Criminal Justice & Behavior, 1996, 23(1):55-69; Koss MP, The underdetection of rape: methodological choices influence incidence estimates, Journal of Social Issues, 1992, 48(1):61-75; and Pitts VL and Schwartz MD, Promoting self-blame in hidden rape cases, Humanity and Society, 1993, 17(4):383-398.
23. Humphrey JA and White JW, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 18); and Noll JG et al., 2003, op. cit. (see reference 19).
24. Resnick MD et al., Protecting adolescents from harm: findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1997, 278(10):823-832; and Harris KM et al., The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: study design, , accessed July 23, 2004.
25. Fisher BS et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 3); Krug EG et al., World Report on Violence and Health: Sexual Violence, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002; Harner H, Sexual Violence and Adolescence, Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse, , accessed July 23, 2004; and Halpern CT et al., Partner violence among adolescents in opposite-sex romantic relationships: findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, American Journal of Public Health, 2001, 91(10):1679-1685.
26. Halpern CT et al., 2001, op. cit. (see reference 25).
27. Resnick MD et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 24).
28. Sieving RE et al., Maternal expectations, mother-child connectedness, and adolescent sexual debut, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 2000, 154(8):809-816.
29. Hagan J and Foster H, Youth violence and the end of adolescence, American Sociological Review, 2001, 66(6):874-899.
30. STATA Statistical Software: Release 8.0, College Station, TX: STATA Corp., 2003.
31. Coker AL et al., Severe dating violence and quality of life among South Carolina high school students, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2000, 19(4):220-227.
32. Nagy S et al., 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2).
33. Grunbaum JA et al., 2004, op. cit. (see reference 2).
34. Fisher BS et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 3); Small SA and Kerns D, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 3); Tjaden P and Thoennes N, Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey, Washington DC: National Institute of Justice, 1998; and Kellogg ND and Hoffman TJ, Child sexual revictimization by multiple perpetrators, Child Abuse and Neglect, 1997, 21(10):953-964.
35. Humphrey JA and White JW, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 18); Siegel JM et al., The prevalence of childhood sexual assault: the Los Angeles Epidemiologic Catchment Area Project, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1987, 126(6):1141-1153; Smith PH et al., A longitudinal perspective on dating violence among adolescent and college-age women, American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93(7):1104-1109; Fisher BS et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 3); Wordes M and Nunez M, 2002, op. cit. (see reference 3); Fromuth ME, 1986, op. cit. (see reference 3); Gorcey M et al., 1986, op. cit. (see reference 3); and Fergusson DM et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 17).
36. Koss MP, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 3).
37. Biglan A et al., Social and behavior factors associated with high-risk sexual behavior among adolescents, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1990, 13(3):245-261; and Jessor R and Jessor SL, Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth, New York: Academic Press, 1977.
38. Howard DE and Wang MQ, Risk profiles of adolescent girls who were victims of dating violence, Adolescence, 2003, 38(149):1-14; Silverman JG et al., Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2001, 286(5):572-579; Windle M, Substance use, risky behaviors, and victimization among a U.S. national adolescent sample, Addiction, 1994, 89(2):175-182; Nagy S et al., 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2); Nagy S et al., A comparison of risky health behaviors of sexually active, sexually abused, and abstaining adolescents, Pediatrics, 1994, 93(4):570-575; Noll JG et al., 2003, op. cit. (see reference 19); Erickson PI and Rapkin AJ, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 2); Small SA and Kerns D, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 3); Coker AL et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 31); and Miller BC et al., The effects of forced sexual intercourse on white female adolescents, Child Abuse & Neglect, 1995, 19(10):1289-1303.
39. Erickson PI and Rapkin AJ, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Kellogg ND and Hoffman TJ, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 34).
40. Erickson PI and Rapkin AJ, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Smith PH et al., A population-based study of the prevalence and distinctiveness of battering, physical assault, and sexual assault in intimate relationships, Violence Against Women, 2002, 8(10):1208-1232.
41. Foshee VA et al., Assessing the long-term effects of the Safe Dates Program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration, American Journal of Public Health, 2004, 94(4):619-624.
42. Hickman LJ et al., Dating violence among adolescents: prevalence, gender distribution, and prevention program effectiveness, Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 2004, 5(2):123-142.
43. Erickson PI and Rapkin AJ, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 2); Coker AL et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 31); Miller BC et al., 1995, op. cit. (see reference 38); and Ackard DM and Neumark-Sztainer D, Date violence and date rape among adolescents: associations with disordered eating behaviors and psychological health, Child Abuse and Neglect, 2002, 26(5):455-473.