| Table 1. Percentage distribution of adults aged 30 and older, by demographic characteristics, according to gender, Lomé, Togo, 1998 (N=1,027) | ||
| Characteristic | Women | Men |
| (N=585) | (N=442) | |
| Age | ||
| 30-34 | 33.0 | 23.1 |
| 35-39 | 23.9 | 21.5 |
| 40-44 | 14.4 | 16.7 |
| 45-49 | 10.3 | 13.8 |
| >=50 | 18.4 | 25.0 |
| Religion | ||
| Catholic | 41.9 | 43.9 |
| Protestant† | 30.4 | 26.7 |
| Muslim | 6.7 | 9.3 |
| Traditional/none | 21.0 | 20.1 |
| Education | ||
| None | 38.3 | 10.3 |
| Primary | 31.6 | 32.4 |
| >=secondary | 30.1 | 57.3 |
| Employment | ||
| Public-sector | 3.2 | 11.5 |
| Private-sector | 4.8 | 21.0 |
| Self-employed | 62.6 | 42.3 |
| Housework | 25.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 4.4 | 3.4 |
| Unemployed | 0.0 | 7.7 |
| Retired | 0.0 | 14.0 |
| No. of household items‡ | ||
| 0 | 10.6 | 5.4 |
| 1-2 | 40.7 | 38.0 |
| 3-4 | 35.7 | 40.7 |
| 5-6 | 13.0 | 15.8 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 4.6 | 5.0 |
| Married | 81.5 | 88.7 |
| Divorced/widowed | 14.9 | 6.3 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| †In this and following tables, Protestant also includes other Christian denominations. ‡Items measured are ownership of a radio, television, refrigerator, motorcycle or a car, and being wired for electricity. | ||
| Table 2. Percentage distribution of adults aged 30 and older, by attitudes toward sexual and reproductive behavior | ||
| Attitude | Women | Men |
| (N=585) | (N=438) | |
| Approval of premarital sex among adolescents | ||
| Approve | 20.7 | 25.1 |
| Somewhat approve | 21.9 | 26.9 |
| Disapprove | 57.5 | 48.1* |
| Okay for adolescent female to have sex before marriage | ||
| Yes | 26.6 | 31.5 |
| No | 73.4 | 68.5 |
| Okay for adolescent male to have sex before marriage | ||
| Yes | 31.6 | 35.4 |
| No | 68.4 | 64.6 |
| Approval of contraceptive use for pregnancy prevention by married couples | ||
| Approve | 69.4 | 71.7 |
| Disapprove | 26.5 | 22.8 |
| Indifferent | 4.1 | 5.4 |
| Approval of contraceptive use for pregnancy prevention by unmarried couples | ||
| Approve | 57.4 | 70.1 |
| Disapprove | 40.3 | 25.3 |
| Indifferent | 2.2 | 4.6*** |
| Approval of contraceptive use by adolescents | ||
| Approve | 34.0 | 44.1 |
| Somewhat approve | 18.0 | 25.0 |
| Disapprove | 47.9 | 30.9*** |
| Approval of contraceptive use for pregnancy prevention by daughter | (N=478) | (N=326) |
| Approve | 33.5 | 39.6 |
| Somewhat approve | 19.0 | 23.9 |
| Disapprove | 47.5 | 36.5** |
| Approval of contraceptive use for pregnancy prevention by son | (N=490) | (N=371) |
| Approve | 37.1 | 40.4 |
| Somewhat approve | 16.9 | 24.5 |
| Disapprove | 45.9 | 35.0** |
| Approval of condom use for STI/HIV prevention (all ages) | ||
| Approve | 79.2 | 85.2 |
| Somewhat approve | 6.1 | 5.7 |
| Disapprove | 14.7 | 9.1* |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| *p<.05. **p<.01. ***p<.001. Note: Significance of differences in the distributions between women and men was determined by chi-square tests. | ||
| Table 3. Logistic regression coefficients (and standard errors) showing association between Lomé adults' attitudes toward premarital sex among adolescent females and toward contraceptive use among unmarried couples and adolescents, by selected characteristics, according to gender | ||||||
| Variable | Approve of adolescent females having premarital sex | Approve of contraceptive use by unmarried couples | Approve of contraceptive use by adolescents | |||
| Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
| (N=579) | (N=437) | (N=569) | (N=416) | (N=582) | (N=436) | |
| Age | ||||||
| 30-34 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 35-39 | -0.07 (.25) | -0.88 (.32)** | -0.30 (.25) | 0.24 (.39) | 0.00 (.26) | -0.24 (.36) |
| 40-44 | -0.26 (.30) | -0.41 (.33) | -0.53 (.28) | -0.14 (.41) | -0.33 (.31) | -0.07 (.39) |
| 45-49 | -0.92 (.39)* | -1.04 (.39)** | -0.87 (.32)** | -0.25 (.42) | -0.74 (.37)* | -0.87 (.42)* |
| >=50 | -1.04(.33)** | -1.18 (.36)*** | -0.93(.28)*** | -0.80 (.37)* | -0.68 (.32)* | -0.84 (.39)* |
| Education | ||||||
| None (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 0.18 (.26) | 1.48 (.58)* | 0.24 (.23) | 0.56 (.40) | 0.69 (.25)** | 0.83 (.46) |
| >=secondary | 0.29 (.28) | 1.39 (.59)* | 0.24 (.26) | 1.13 (.43)** | 0.80 (.29)** | 1.16 (.47)* |
| Employment | ||||||
| Other (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Public-sector | na | 0.42 (.39) | na | 0.11 (.49) | na | 0.51 (.47) |
| Private-sector | na | -0.19 (.34) | na | 0.26 (.38) | na | -0.13 (.38) |
| Self-employed | -0.18 (.31) | -0.14 (.30) | -0.12 (.31) | -0.00 (.32) | -0.32 (.32) | 0.11 (.32) |
| Housework | -0.19 (.34) | na | -0.19 (.34) | na | -0.53 (.36) | na |
| Religion | ||||||
| None/traditional (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Catholic | -0.16 (.28) | 0.05 (.31) | 0.41 (.26) | 0.00 (.34) | 0.51 (.29) | 0.61 (.34) |
| Protestant | -0.48 (.30) | -0.44 (.34) | 0.04 (.27) | 0.03 (.37) | -0.30 (.32) | 0.16 (.36) |
| Muslim | -1.70 (.65)** | -1.15 (.53)* | 0.85 (.42)* | -0.40 (.45) | 0.58 (.44) | 0.71 (.50) |
| No. of household items | ||||||
| 0 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1-2 | 0.25 (.36) | 0.17 (.55) | 0.50 (.30) | -0.59 (.55) | 0.63 (.38) | 0.94 (.59) |
| 3-4 | 0.24 (.37) | -0.02 (.55) | 0.89 (.32)** | -0.16 (.55) | 0.76 (.38)* | 0.91 (.59) |
| 5-6 | 0.37 (.43) | 0.20 (.59) | 1.02 (.39)** | 0.02 (.62) | 0.78 (.45) | 1.38 (.65)* |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married | -0.53 (.25)* | -0.08 (.35) | -0.48 (.25) | 0.06 (.36) | -0.02 (.27) | 0.52 (.38) |
| Chi-square (df) | 34.2 (15) | 42.4 (16) | 46.1 (15) | 39.5 (16) | 61.3 (30) | 59.2 (32) |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| *p<.05. **p<.01. ***p<.001. Notes: For the model of approval of contraceptive use by unmarried couples, the 2.2% of women and 4.6% of men who responded "indifferent" were classified as missing. For approval of contraceptive use by adolescents, multinomial logistic regression was used (approve, somewhat approve, disapprove); the data represent approval versus disapproval. na=not applicable. | ||||||
| Table 4. Percentage distribution of Lomé adults aged 30 and older, by their perspective on potential parent-child communication on reproductive health topics, and percentage reporting possible topics they would want covered, according to gender | ||
| Perspective | Women | Men |
| (N= 585) | (N=442) | |
| Children are informed about sexuality, contraception and STIs/AIDS† | ||
| Yes | 68.6 | 71.7 |
| No | 31.4 | 28.3 |
| Reaction if a child were to ask questions about sexuality | ||
| Open | 76.6 | 80.6 |
| Closed | 23.1 | 15.5 |
| Indifferent | 0.3 | 3.9*** |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| % who would want child to be taught about topic‡ | ||
| Anatomy | 3.2 | 8.4*** |
| Menstruation | 15.2 | 19.5 |
| Pregnancy/abortion | 17.4 | 16.3 |
| Puberty/adolescence | 11.1 | 23.1*** |
| Contraception | 36.2 | 40.3 |
| STIs/HIV | 75.4 | 79.9 |
| Sexual activity | 28.0 | 19.7** |
| **p<.01. ***p.<001. †N=946 (547 women and 399 men), because 81 observations are missing. ‡Multiple responses were allowed. Note: Significance of differences in the distributions between women and men was determined by chi-square tests. | ||
| Table 5. Percentage distribution of Lomé adults aged 30 and older, by selected parent-child communication characteristics, and percentage reporting potential reactions to an unmarried daughter's pregnancy, both according to gender of parent | ||
| Characteristic | Women | Men |
| Discussed reproductive | ||
| health topic with child | (N=529) | (N=371) |
| Yes | 47.1 | 41.5 |
| No | 52.9 | 58.5 |
| Discussed reproductive | ||
| health topic with daughter | (N=529) | (N=370) |
| Yes | 40.6 | 34.9 |
| No | 59.4 | 65.1 |
| Discussed reproductive health topic with son | (N=525) | (N=373) |
| Yes | 27.4 | 33.5 |
| No | 72.6 | 66.5* |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Reaction if unmarried daughterbecame pregnant† | (N=480) | (N=327) |
| Anger | 31.3 | 28.5 |
| Deception | 17.4 | 18.1 |
| Dishonor | 3.9 | 7.2* |
| Discouragement | 9.1 | 5.9 |
| Would eject her from household | 7.9 | 13.8** |
| Acceptance | 66.5 | 58.8* |
| Joy | 3.4 | 4.1 |
| *<.05. **p<.01. †Only parents or guardians of a daughter were asked this question; multiple responses were possible. Notes: Significance of differences in the distributions between women and men was determined by chi-square tests. (P-value for difference among women in distributions by gender of child with whom they communicated was .001.) Ns are reduced for the discussion questions, because only adults who were parents or guardians of a child aged nine and older were considered. | ||
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© copyright 2001, The Alan Guttmacher Institute. |