Family Planning Perspectives Volume 33, Number 1, January/February 2001
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Table 1. Number of U.S. women aged 15-44 and percentage of these women who obtained family planning services in the preceding year; and number of women aged 15-44 who obtained family planning services in the preceding year and percentage of these women reporting any visit to a nonprivate provider; all by selected characteristics, according to survey year | ||||
Characteristic | 1982 | 1988 | 1995 | |
WOMEN AGED 15-44 | ||||
No. (in 000s) | 54,099 | 57,900 | 59,958 | |
% obtaining family planning services | 36.5 | 34.5 | 36.6* | |
Age | ||||
15-19 | 31.6 | 30.4 | 28.2 | |
20-24 | 56.2 | 59.0 | 60.4 | |
25-29 | 55.7 | 53.0 | 57.7* | |
30-34 | 33.9 | 34.9 | 42.7** | |
35-39 | 19.4 | 17.0 | 21.8** | |
40-44 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 12.0** | |
Poverty status | ||||
<150% of poverty | 40.0 | 36.2 | 36.5 | |
>=150% of poverty | 35.3 | 34.0 | 36.6** | |
WOMEN AGED 15-44 OBTAINING FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES | ||||
No. (in 000s) | 19,762 | 19,991 | 21,926 | |
% who reported any visit to a nonprivate provider | 31.1 | 35.5* | 35.9 | |
Age | ||||
15-19 | 51.0 | 62.2* | 57.8 | |
20-24 | 36.3 | 42.2 | 44.8 | |
25-29 | 26.7 | 29.4 | 32.4 | |
>=30 | 18.6 | 22.5 | 25.8 | |
Poverty status | ||||
<150% of poverty | 48.0 | 60.2** | 57.5 | |
>=150% of poverty | 24.5 | 27.4 | 29.6 | |
*Difference with preceding year is statistically significant at p<.05. **Difference with preceding year is statistically significant at p<.01. In 1982 and 1988, the most recent source of care reported for nearly all recipients of family planning services was classified as either a "clinic" or a "private medical service." (Tiny proportions--1.3% in 1982 and 0.4% in 1988--reported a "counselor" as a source of care.) The percentages reported here for nonprivate providers in 1982 and 1988 are those reported as "clinics." In 1995, "clinics," "hospitals" and "other" providers all were classifed as nonprivate sources, and a source was determined for each different family planning service received. Therefore, for the few women who mentioned multiple sources, we do not know which source was the most recent. To enhance comparability with earlier years, for 1995 we classify women as having used a nonprivate provider if they reported any clinic, hospital or other provider for any family planning service received. Source: For 1982 and 1988: reference 7, Tables 1 and 3. |
Table 2. Percentage of women who reported receiving contraceptive or other reproductive health care services in the past year, by type of care, and percentage of women obtaining each service who went to a publicly funded family planning clinic, all according to specific service received, 1995 | |||||
Service | % obtaining service | Among all women obtaining service, % who went to a publicly funded family planning clinic | |||
All women aged 15-44 | Women obtaining care | ||||
Any care | Contraceptive services | Noncontraceptive services only | |||
No. (in 000s)/total % | 59,958 | 44,082 | 21,428 | 22,654 | 16.9 |
Contraceptive services | 35.7 | 48.6 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 23.8 |
Counseling about birth control | 14.5 | 19.7 | 40.6 | 0.0 | 31.2 |
Check-up for birth control | 22.3 | 30.3 | 62.4 | 0.0 | 23.3 |
Birth control method/prescription | 27.5 | 37.4 | 76.9 | 0.0 | 23.2 |
Counseling about sterilization | 3.4 | 4.6 | 9.4 | 0.0 | 18.8 |
Sterilization operation | 1.9 | 2.6 | 5.4 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
Preventive gynecologic care | 64.9 | 88.3 | 88.1 | 84.5 | 15.1 |
Pap test | 62.0 | 84.3 | 84.9 | 83.7 | 14.7 |
Pelvic examination | 61.4 | 83.5 | 83.0 | 84.0 | 14.4 |
Pregnancy-related care | 19.6 | 26.7 | 32.3 | 21.4 | 22.5 |
Pregnancy test | 16.0 | 21.8 | 25.2 | 18.6 | 23.4 |
Prenatal care | 9.5 | 12.9 | 14.7 | 11.3 | 14.3 |
Postpregnancy care | 5.9 | 8.0 | 11.6 | 4.6 | 12.0 |
STD care | 33.3 | 45.3 | 44.9 | 45.6 | 20.0 |
Test/treatment for gynecologic infection | 21.0 | 28.6 | 28.9 | 28.3 | 14.5 |
Test/treatment for STD | 7.6 | 10.3 | 12.9 | 7.9 | 31.2 |
Test for HIV/AIDs | 17.3 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 23.4 | 25.0 |
Includes those who reported obtaining the specific service from either a Title X-funded or some other publicly funded family planning clinic; does not include those who reported visiting hospitals, school or military facilities, or other nonspecified types of providers. Includes 1.635 million women who did not report receiving any of the five specific contraceptive services, but who report currently using a reversible method that they obtained from a medical source. Note: Column percentages do not sum to 100% or to subtotals because many women received multiple services. |
Table 3. Number and percentage of women reporting having received contraceptive or other reproductive health care services, by service received, and percentage distribution of women by combination of services received, all according to primary source of reproductive health care in past 12 months | |||||||
Service | All aged 15-44 | All getting care | Primary source of reproductive healthcare | ||||
Family planning clinic | Other | Private doctor/HMO | |||||
Total | Title X | Non-Title X | |||||
Total no. of women (in 000s) | 59,958 | 44,082 | 7,398 | 4,206 | 3,192 | 2,714 | 33,906 |
PERCENTAGE REPORTING RECEIPT OF SERVICE | |||||||
Any contraceptive services | 35.7 | 48.6 | 68.9 | 75.0 | 60.9 | 47.6 | 44.2 |
Preventive gynecologic care§ | 64.9 | 88.3 | 83.3 | 86.5 | 79.2 | 63.9 | 91.5 |
Any pregnancy-related care | 19.6 | 26.7 | 34.6 | 35.9 | 33.0 | 31.3 | 24.7 |
Any STD care | 33.3 | 45.3 | 55.7 | 56.5 | 54.5 | 60.4 | 41.9 |
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY COMBINATION OF SERVICES RECEIVED | |||||||
Contraceptive services | 35.7 | 48.5 | 68.9 | 75.0 | 60.9 | 47.6 | 44.2 |
Contraceptive services only | 2.8 | 3.8 | 6.4 | 5.1 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 2.8 |
Contraceptive plus preventive gynecologic care | 12.4 | 16.9 | 18.4 | 20.7 | 15.3 | 11.4 | 17.0 |
Contraceptive plus pregnancy care§§ | 4.5 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 5.8 |
Contraceptive plus STD care§§ | 9.0 | 12.2 | 19.7 | 22.9 | 15.6 | 11.7 | 10.6 |
Contraceptive plus pregnancy and STD care§§ | 7.1 | 9.6 | 17.4 | 18.7 | 15.7 | 10.0 | 7.9 |
No contraceptive services | 37.8 | 51.5 | 31.1 | 25.0 | 39.1 | 52.4 | 55.8 |
Preventive gynecologic care only | 17.1 | 23.3 | 8.4 | 6.3 | 11.2 | 8.2 | 27.8 |
Pregnancy care§§ | 3.4 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 4.7 |
STD care§§ | 12.6 | 17.1 | 12.5 | 9.2 | 16.8 | 30.1 | 17.2 |
Pregnancy and STD care§§ | 4.6 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 8.6 | 6.2 |
No services | 26.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
For women with more than one source type, we assigned one type coded hierarchically: contraceptive service source first (Title X clinic, other clinic, private doctor, and hospital/other), source of preventive gynecologic care second (according to same order) and source of pregnancy care or STD care third (if that was all they received). Contraceptive services=receipt of one or more of five services in the past 12 months--sterilizing operation; birth control method; check-up or medical test for birth control; counseling about birth control; or counseling about getting sterilized--or is a current user of a reversible method who reported a medical source for her current method. §Preventive gynecologic care=receipt of a Pap test or pelvic exam. Pregnancy care=received a pregnancy test, prenatal care, postpartum care or an abortion in the past 12 months. STD care=received an STD test/treatment, an HIV test, or a test or treatment for vaginal, urinary tract or pelvic infection in the past 12 months. §§With or without preventive gynecologic care. Note: Numbers of women by primary source of reproductive health care do not sum to totals because data are missing on this variable for some women. |
Table 4. Percentage distribution of women aged 15-44 who reported having received contraceptive or other reproductive health care in the preceding 12 months, by selected characteristics, according to primary source of reproductive health care, and odds ratios from logistic regression analysis of whether women obtain care from a family planning clinic, 1995 | |||||||
Characteristic | Total | Primary source of reproductive health care | Odds ratio | ||||
Family planning clinic | Other | Private doctor/HMO | |||||
Total | Title X | Non-Title X | |||||
No. of women obtaining any care (in 000s) | 44,018 | 7,398 | 4,206 | 3,192 | 2,714 | 33,906 | na |
Age-group | |||||||
15-19 | 9.6 | 20.0 | 23.2 | 15.9 | 14.6 | 7.0 | 2.63*** |
20-24 | 17.0 | 28.8 | 30.9 | 26.1 | 22.1 | 13.9 | 2.24*** |
25-29 | 18.4 | 19.4 | 19.9 | 18.8 | 16.5 | 18.3 | 1.57** |
30-34 | 20.3 | 13.9 | 12.3 | 16.0 | 16.7 | 21.9 | 1.14 |
35-39 | 18.7 | 10.7 | 8.8 | 13.3 | 15.5 | 20.8 | 1.12 |
40-44 | 16.0 | 7.1 | 5.1 | 9.8 | 14.6 | 18.1 | 1.00 |
Marital status | |||||||
Currently married | 53.1 | 30.6 | 30.0 | 31.3 | 43.0 | 58.8 | 1.00 |
Formerly married | 13.8 | 15.4 | 13.8 | 17.5 | 13.1 | 13.5 | 1.45*** |
Never-married | 33.2 | 54.0 | 56.2 | 51.2 | 43.9 | 27.7 | 1.67*** |
Race/ethnicity | |||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 70.4 | 53.4 | 57.4 | 42.0 | 56.0 | 75.2 | 1.00 |
Non-Hispanic black | 14.9 | 23.5 | 23.9 | 22.9 | 21.2 | 12.5 | 1.85*** |
Hispanic | 10.9 | 19.8 | 15.4 | 25.6 | 14.4 | 8.7 | 1.38*** |
Other | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 8.5 | 3.6 | 1.07 |
Education | |||||||
<high school | 15.7 | 30.7 | 31.1 | 30.1 | 24.2 | 11.8 | 1.41** |
Completed high school | 36.0 | 37.1 | 39.6 | 33.8 | 33.2 | 36.0 | 1.19* |
>=some college | 48.2 | 32.2 | 29.3 | 36.0 | 42.6 | 52.2 | 1.00 |
Eligibility for subsidized care | |||||||
Full subsidy | 21.0 | 45.0 | 45.3 | 44.5 | 31.1 | 15.0 | 1.84*** |
Partial subsidy | 24.6 | 29.0 | 29.2 | 28.8 | 32.2 | 23.1 | 1.55*** |
No subsidy | 54.4 | 26.0 | 25.5 | 26.7 | 36.7 | 61.9 | 1.00 |
Insurance type | |||||||
Private | 71.5 | 39.5 | 39.9 | 39.1 | 49.4 | 80.2 | 1.00 |
Medicaid | 16.9 | 38.2 | 36.9 | 39.9 | 22.4 | 11.8 | 3.57*** |
None | 10.1 | 21.4 | 22.2 | 20.5 | 16.8 | 7.1 | 3.01*** |
Military/other | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 11.4 | 0.9 | 0.75 |
Risk status for unintended pregancy | |||||||
At risk | 51.9 | 65.6 | 70.7 | 58.8 | 46.8 | 49.3 | 1.00 |
Sterilized | 23.6 | 13.6 | 11.4 | 16.6 | 27.3 | 25.5 | 0.54*** |
Not at risk | 24.5 | 20.8 | 17.8 | 24.6 | 25.9 | 25.2 | 0.54*** |
Payment type | |||||||
Insurance | 54.5 | 15.8 | 13.4 | 18.9 | 37.1 | 64.1 | na |
Own income only | 24.1 | 17.0 | 16.1 | 18.2 | 23.3 | 25.7 | na |
Medicaid | 12.6 | 31.0 | 29.2 | 33.3 | 18.3 | 8.3 | na |
Public/free/sliding-scale | 7.2 | 34.7 | 39.7 | 28.2 | 8.2 | 1.2 | na |
Military/school | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 13.2 | 0.7 | na |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | na |
*Statistically significant at p<=.05. **Statistically significant at p<=.01. ***Statistically significant at p<=.001. For the logistic regression, the three poverty-status categories used were <100% of poverty, 100-249% of poverty and >=250% of poverty. Note: na=not applicable. |
Table 5. Odds ratios from logistic regression analyses assessing effects of selected predictor variables on women's having obtained specific types of contraceptive or other reproductive health care services (unweighted N=8,104) | ||||
Predictors | Contraceptive | Preventive gynecologic services | Pregnancy-related care | STD-related care |
Age-group | ||||
15-19 | 4.79*** | 0.71 | 10.58*** | 2.79*** |
20-24 | 5.40*** | 0.84 | 9.10*** | 2.33*** |
25-29 | 4.66*** | 0.93 | 8.18*** | 2.13*** |
30-34 | 2.72*** | 0.86 | 4.88*** | 1.64*** |
35-39 | 1.69*** | 0.82 | 2.03*** | 1.38*** |
40-44 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Marital status | ||||
Currently married (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Formerly married | 1.12 | 0.86 | 0.44*** | 1.49*** |
Never-married | 0.96 | 0.81* | 0.30*** | 1.05 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic white (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.84* | 1.26* | 1.13 | 1.24** |
Hispanic | 1.03 | 0.75** | 1.07 | 1.03 |
Other | 0.54*** | 0.78 | 1.06 | 0.81 |
Education | ||||
<high school | 0.87 | 0.43*** | 1.01 | 0.83* |
Completed high school | 0.91 | 0.77** | 1.06 | 0.86** |
>=some college (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Poverty status | ||||
0-99% of poverty | 0.90 | 0.86 | 1.03 | 1.02 |
100-249% of poverty | 0.93 | 0.81* | 0.97 | 1.07 |
>=250% of poverty (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Insurance type | ||||
Private (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
None | 0.78* | 0.75* | 1.06 | 1.12 |
Medicaid | 1.21* | 1.06 | 2.98*** | 1.72*** |
Military/other | 1.06 | 1.91* | 1.53* | 1.20 |
Risk status for unintended pregnancy | ||||
At risk (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sterilized | 0.11*** | 1.32* | 0.41*** | 1.33*** |
Not at risk | 0.14*** | 1.07 | 1.79*** | 1.32*** |
Primary source of reproductive care | ||||
Private doctor/HMO (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Title X clinic | 2.58*** | 0.89 | 1.10 | 1.31** |
Non-Title X clinic | 1.66*** | 0.51*** | 1.08 | 1.23* |
Other provider | 1.21 | 0.18*** | 1.28* | 1.80*** |
*Statistically significant at p<=.05. **Statistically significant at p<=.01. ***Statistically significant at p<=.001. Note: ref=reference group. |
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© copyright 2001, The Alan Guttmacher Institute. |