Family Planning Perspectives Volume 33, Number 2 March/April 2001 | |
Effects of a Parent-Child Communications |
Table 1. Percentage of students reporting specific knowledge or behaviors, or mean score (and standard deviation) for dependent variables, at baseline and posttest surveys | ||
Variable | Baseline | Posttest |
Knowledge | ||
Abstinence effectiveness (%) | 69.7 | 86.9**** |
Pregnancy risk (%) | 86.9 | 91.4 |
Sexual beliefs and attitudes | ||
Overall beliefs supporting delay | 42.3 (6.7) | 43.3 (7.4) |
Personally support delay | 26.6 (4.6) | 26.9 (4.9) |
Friends/peers support delay | 8.5 (2.3) | 8.8 (2.4)* |
Substance use increases risk-taking | 2.1 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.0) |
Expect sex if had sex before | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.3 (1.0) |
Media encourage adolescent sex | 2.9 (1.0) | 3.4 (0.9)*** |
Perceive fewer sexually active peers | 1.1 (0.8) | 1.1 (0.8) |
Self-efficacy for refusal/avoidance | ||
Overall | 15.7 (4.1) | 16.3 (3.9) |
Substance refusal/avoidance | 6.4 (1.8) | 6.5 (1.8) |
Sexual refusal/avoidance | 9.4 (2.5) | 9.8 (2.4)* |
Behavioral intentions | ||
Likely to have sex before finishing H.S. | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.6)** |
Likelihood of intercourse (if attracted to an individual) | 2.3 (2.2) | 2.1 (2.3) |
Parent-child communications | ||
Comfort communicating with parents about sex | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.0)* |
Frequency of communication about sex | ||
Overall | 6.0 (5.9) | 6.5 (6.3) |
Puberty/physiological changes | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.9) |
Sexual expectations | 2.9 (2.8) | 3.2 (3.0) |
Prevention strategies | 1.0 (1.6) | 1.3 (1.7) |
Consequences of sexual intercourse | 1.4 (1.8) | 1.4 (1.8) |
Frequency of discussions about class activities | ||
Class lessons | na | 2.2 (1.0) |
Homework assignments | na | 2.1 (1.2) |
Sexual opportunities | ||
No. of potentially sexual situations | 1.3 (1.9) | 1.3 (1.8) |
No. of sexual situations | 1.6 (2.2) | 1.5 (2.2) |
Avoided/refused high-risk or sexual situations | ||
Overall | 72.4 (44.7) | 77.8 (56.9) |
Refused potentially sexual situations | 74.0 (55.8) | 63.9 (49.7) |
Refused sexual situations | 75.1 (51.7) | 86.5 (64.6) |
Substance use and sexual behaviors | ||
Lifetime alcohol use | 2.0 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.5) |
Recent alcohol use§ | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.5 (1.2) |
Went further sexually than wanted to | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.6) |
Ever had sexual intercourse (%) | 5.7 | 6.4 |
Recent sexual intercourse (%) | 2.0 | 4.4 |
*p<=.05. **p<=.01. ***p<=.001. ****p<=.0001. In the past three months. Among those in these situations in the past three months. §In the past 30 days. Note: na=not applicable. |
Table 2. Percentage of students reporting specific knowledge or behaviors, or adjusted mean score (and standard error) for dependent variables, by intervention group, posttest survey | |||
Variable | MPM-only | MPM-enhanced | F |
Knowledge | |||
Abstinence effectiveness (%) | 87.2 (2.6) | 84.6 (2.6) | ns |
Pregnancy risk (%) | 91.8 (2.0) | 92.9 (2.0) | ns |
Sexual beliefs and attitudes | |||
Overall beliefs supporting delay | 43.5 (0.40) | 43.3 (0.37) | ns |
Personally support delay | 26.9 (0.28) | 27.1 (0.26) | ns |
Friends/peers support delay | 8.8 (0.15) | 9.0 (0.14) | ns |
Substance use increases risk-taking | 2.1 (0.07) | 1.9 (0.07) | ns |
Expect sex if had sex before | 2.4 (0.07) | 2.2 (0.06) | 3.6* |
Media encourage adolescent sex | 3.4 (0.06) | 3.3 (0.06) | ns |
Perceive fewer sexually active peers | 1.1 (0.05) | 1.1 (0.05) | ns |
Self-efficacy for refusal/avoidance | |||
Overall | 15.8 (0.24) | 16.8 (0.22) | 10.3** |
Substance refusal/avoidance | 6.2 (0.12) | 6.8 (0.11) | 10.7*** |
Sexual refusal/avoidance | 9.6 (0.15) | 10.2 (0.14) | 7.5** |
Behavioral intentions | |||
Likely to have sex before finishing H.S. | 0.5 (0.03) | 0.4 (0.03) | 8.3** |
Likelihood of intercourse (if attracted to an individual) | 2.2 (0.12) | 1.9 (0.11) | ns |
Parent-child communications | |||
Comfort communicating with parents about sex | 2.6 (0.07) | 2.7 (0.06) | ns |
Frequency of communication about sex | |||
Overall | 5.8 (0.39) | 7.2 (0.37) | 6.9** |
Puberty/physiological changes | 0.7 (0.06) | 0.7 (0.06) | ns |
Sexual expectations | 3.0 (0.19) | 3.4 (0.19) | ns |
Prevention strategies | 1.0 (0.11) | 1.6 (0.11) | 13.3*** |
Consequences of sexual intercourse | 1.1 (0.11) | 1.6 (0.11) | 8.0** |
Frequency of discussions about class activities | |||
Class lessons | 1.8 (0.08) | 2.5 (0.08) | 29.7**** |
Homework assignments | 1.3 (0.08) | 2.9 (0.07) | 241.8**** |
Sexual opportunities | |||
No. of potentially sexual situations | 1.3 (0.11) | 1.3 (0.10) | ns |
No. of sexual situations | 1.5 (0.13) | 1.5 (0.12) | ns |
Avoided/refused high-risk or sexual situations | |||
Overall | 71.6 (4.0) | 72.6 (4.3) | ns |
Refused potentially sexual situations | 68.7 (5.4) | 76.3 (5.6) | ns |
Refused sexual situations | 73.9 (4.5) | 70.4 (5.4) | ns |
Substance use and sexual behaviors | |||
Lifetime alcohol use | 2.2 (0.08) | 1.9 (0.08) | 5.4* |
Recent alcohol use§ | 0.6 (0.06) | 0.4 (0.06) | 4.2* |
Went further sexually than wanted to | 1.5 (0.22) | 1.7 (0.26) | ns |
Ever had sexual intercourse (%) | 7.4 (1.6) | 5.1 (1.5) | ns |
Recent sexual intercourse (%) | 4.5 (1.3) | 3.2 (0.11) | ns |
*p<=.05. **p<=.01. ***p<=.001. ****p<=.0001. In the past three months. Among those in these situations in the past three months. §In the past 30 days. Note: ns=not significant. |
Table 3. Percentage of students reporting specific knowledge or behaviors, or mean score for dependent variables, by whether any homework activities were completed | ||||||
Variable | All students | MPM-only | Homework completed | Pairwise comparison | Overall significance | |
None | Any | |||||
(N=351) | (N=161) | (N=36) | (N=154) | |||
Self-efficacy for refusal/avoidance | ||||||
Overall | 16.3 | 15.8 | 16.5 | 17.0 | a*** | .05 |
Substance refusal/avoidance | 6.5 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.9 | a*** | .001 |
Sexual refusal/avoidance | 9.9 | 9.6 | 10.1 | 10.2 | a** | .05 |
Behavioral intentions | ||||||
Likely to have sex before finishing high school | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | a,** b* | .01 |
Parent-child communications | ||||||
Overall frequency | 6.5 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 7.4 | a**, c* | .01 |
Puberty/physiological changes | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | ns | |
Sexual expectations | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 3.6 | a*, c** | .01 |
Prevention strategies | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.6 | a*** | .001 |
Consequences of sexual intercourse | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 | a** | .05 |
Frequency of discussion about class activities | ||||||
Class lessons | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 2.6 | a***, c*** | .0001 |
Homework assignments | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 3.2 | a***, c*** | .0001 |
Substance use and sexual behaviors | ||||||
Lifetime alcohol use | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 | a** | .01 |
Recent alcohol use | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | a** | .05 |
Went further sexually tha wanted to go§ | 1.6 | 1.5 | 3.1 | 1.3 | b**, c*** | .01 |
Ever had sexual intercourse (%) | 6.4 | 7.0 | 14.3 | 4.0 | ns | |
Recent sexual intercourse (%) | 4.4 | 4.4 | 14.3 | 2.0 | b*, c** | .001 |
* p<=.05. ** p<=.01. *** p<=.001. **** p<=.0001. In the past three months. In the past 30 days. §Among adolescents in this situation in the past three months. Notes: The "overall significance" column refers to general tests of differences between groups, whereas the "pairwise comparison" column provides the precise location of differences between groups. a=MPM-only vs. any homework; b=MPM-only vs. did no homework; c=did no homework vs. did any homework. ns=nonsignificant. |
Table 4. Percentage of students reporting specific knowledge or behaviors, or mean score for dependent variables, by number of homework activities completed | ||||||
Variable | All students | MPM-only | Activities completed | Pairwise comparison | Overall significance | |
<=3 | >=4 | |||||
(N=351) | (N=161) | (N=102) | (N=88) | |||
Self-efficacy for refusal/avoidance | ||||||
Overall | 16.3 | 15.8 | 16.7 | 16.9 | a***, b** | .001 |
Substance refusal/avoidance | 6.5 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 7.0 | b*** | .001 |
Sexual refusal/avoidance | 9.9 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 10.0 | a* | .01 |
Behavioral intentions | ||||||
Likely to have sex before finishing high school | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | b*** | .004 |
Parent-child communications | ||||||
Overall frequency | 6.5 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 7.4 | b* | .05 |
Puberty/physiological changes | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | ns | |
Sexual expectations | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.4 | ns | |
Prevention strategies | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.7 | a*, b*** | .001 |
Consequences of sexual intercourse | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | b** | .05 |
Frequency of discussions about class activities | ||||||
Class lessons | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.7 | a**, b***, c** |
.0001 |
Homework assignments | 2.1 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 3.5 | a***, b**, c*** |
.0001 |
Substance use and sexual behaviors | ||||||
Lifetime alcohol use | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.8 | b*** | .01 |
Recent alcohol use | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | ns | |
Went further sexually than wanted to go§ | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 0.8 | c** | .05 |
Ever had sexual intercourse (%) | 6.4 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 4.6 | ns | |
Recent sexual intercourse (%) | 4.4 | 4.4 | 7.1 | 1.1 | ns | |
* p<=.05. ** p<=.01. *** p<=.001. **** p<=.0001. In the past three months.In the past 30 days. §Among adolescents in this situation in the past three months. Notes: The "overall significance" column refers to general tests of differences between groups, whereas the "pairwise comparison" column provides the precise location of differences between groups. a=MPM-only vs. <=3 homework activities; b=MPM-only vs. >=4 homework activities; c=<=3 vs. >=4 homework activities. |
Table 5. Percentage of students reporting specific knowledge or behaviors, or mean score for dependent variables, by number of homework assignments completed | |||||||
Variable | All students | MPM-only | No. of assignments completed | Pairwise comparison | Overall significance | ||
0-1 | 2-3 | 4-5 | |||||
(N=351) | (N=161) | (N=69) | (N=44) | (N=77) | |||
Self-efficacy for refusal/avoidance | |||||||
Overall | 16.3 | 15.8 | 16.9 | 16.6 | 17.0 | a*, b** | .01 |
Substance refusal/ avoidance | 6.5 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 7.0 | a*, b*** | .001 |
Sexual refusal/ avoidance | 9.9 | 9.6 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 10.0 | ns | |
Behavioral intentions | |||||||
Likely to have sex before finishing high school | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | b*** | .01 |
Parent-child communications | |||||||
Overall frequency | 6.5 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 7.6 | 7.4 | b*, c* | .05 |
Puberty/physiological changes | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | ns | |
Sexual expectations | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 3.5 | ns | |
Prevention strategies | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | b***, c* | .01 |
Consequences of sexual intercourse | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | ns | |
Frequency of discussions about class activities | |||||||
Class lessons | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.7 | b***, c***, d**, e*** | .0001 |
Homework assignments | 2.1 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 3.5 | a***, b***, c***, d***, e***, f** | .0001 |
Substance use and sexual behaviors | |||||||
Lifetime alcohol use | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.8 | a*, b** | .05 |
Recent alcohol use | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | ns | |
Went further sexually than wanted to go§ | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | a**, d**, e*** | .01 |
Ever had sexual intercourse (%) | 6.4 | 7.0 | 10.6 | 2.3 | 3.9 | ns | |
Recent sexual intercourse (%) | 4.4 | 4.4 | 10.6 | 0.0 | 1.3 | d*, e* | .05 |
* p<=.05. ** p<=.01. *** p<=.001. **** p<=.0001. In the past three months.In the past 30 days. §Among adolescents in this situation in the past three months. Notes: The "overall significance" column refers to general tests of differences between groups, whereas the "pairwise comparison" column provides the precise location of differences between groups. a=MPM-only vs. 0-1; b=MPM-only vs. 4-5; c=MPM-only vs. 2-3; d=0-1 vs. 2-3; e=0-1 vs. 4-5; f=2-3 vs. 4-5. ns=nonsignificant. |
© copyright 2001, The Alan Guttmacher Institute. |