1. Sittitrai W et al., Thai Sexual Behavior and Risk of HIV Infection: A Report of the 1990 Survey of Partner Relations and Risk of HIV Infection in Thailand, Bangkok: Thai Red Cross Society, 1992.
2. Xenos P, Pitaktepsombati P and Sittitrai W, Partner patterns in the sexual behavior of unmarried, rural Thai men, Asia Pacific Population Forum, 1993, 6(4):104–117; Cash K, Women educating women for HIV/AIDS prevention, in: Long LD and Ankrah EM, eds., Women's Experiences with HIV/AIDS: An International Perspective, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996, pp. 311–332; Mills S et al., HIV risk behavioral surveillance in Bangkok, Thailand: sexual behavior trends among eight population groups, AIDS, 1997, 11(Suppl. 1):S43–S51; Podhisita C and Pattaravanich U, Youth in Contemporary Thailand: Results from the Family and Youth Survey, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, 1995, Publication No. 197; and Soonthornhada A, Adolescent role behavior, expectations and adaptations: past to present, in: Yoddumnern-Attig B et al., Changing Roles and Statuses of Women in Thailand: A Documentary Assessment, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, 1992, Publication No. 161, pp. 55–63.
3. Cash K, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 2); Podhisita C and Pattaravanich U, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2); and van Griensven F et al., Rapid assessment of sexual behavior, drug use, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted diseases in northern Thai youth using audio-computer-assisted self-interviewing and noninvasive specimen collection, Pediatrics, 2001, 108(1):e13, <http://pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/108/1/e13>, accessed Aug. 6, 2006.
4. van Griensven F et al., 2001, op. cit. (see reference 3); Jenkins RA et al., Dynamics of HIV risk behavior among young Thai men, AIDS and Behavior, 1999, 3(4):335–346; Kilmarx PH et al., Explosive spread and effective control of human immunodeficiency virus in northernmost Thailand: the epidemic in Chiang Rai province, 1988–99, AIDS, 2000, 14(17):2731–2740; Kitsiripornchai S et al., Sexual behavior of young men in Thailand: regional differences and evidence of behavior change, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 1998, 18(3):282–288; and Nelson KE et al., HIV infection in young men in northern Thailand, 1991–1998: increasing role of injection drug use, JAIDS: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2002,29(1):62–68.
5. Ibid.
6. Albrecht H, HIV incidence trends in young women, AIDS Clinical Care, 2001, 13(10):94–99; Buga GA, Amoko DH and Ncayiyana DJ, Sexual behavior, contraceptive practice, and reproductive health among school adolescents in rural Transkei, East African Medical Journal, 1996, 73(2):95–100; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National and state-specific pregnancy rates among adolescents—United States, 1995–1997, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2000, 49(27):605– 611; Nicoll A et al., Sexual health of teenagers in England and Wales: analysis of national data, British Medical Journal, 1999, 318(7194): 1321–1322; and Orr DP et al., Subsequent sexually transmitted infection in urban adolescents and young adults, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 2001, 155(8):947–953.
7. Podhisita C, Xenos P and Varangrat A, The risk of premarital sex among Thai youth: individual and family influence, Journal of Population and Social Studies, 2004, 12(2):1–31; and Choe MK et al., Substance use and premarital sex among adolescents in Indonesia, Nepal, the Philippines, and Thailand, Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 2004, 19(1):5–26.
8. Ford N and Kittisuksathit S, Destinations unknown: the gender construction and changing nature of the sexual expression of Thai youth, AIDS Care, 1994, 6(5):517–531; and Ford NJ and Kittisuksathit S, Youth Sexuality: The Sexual Awareness, Lifestyles and Related Health Service Needs of Young, Single Factory Workers in Thailand, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, 1996, Research Report No. 204.
9. Podhisita C, Xenos P and Varangrat A, 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7).
10. Podhisita C and Pattaravanich U, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2); Podhisita C, Xenos P and Varangrat A, 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7); and Choe MK et al., 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7).
11. Podhisita C, Xenos P and Varangrat A, 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7).
12. Ibid.
13. Choe MK et al., 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7).
14. Ibid.; and Podhisita C, Xenos P and Varangrat A, 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7).
15. Podhisita C, Xenos P and Varangrat A, 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7).
16. Buga GA, Amoko DH and Ncayiyana DJ, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 6); Meschke LL and Silbereisen RK, The influences of puberty, family processes, and leisure activities on the timing of the first sexual experience, Journal of Adolescence, 1997, 20(4):403–418; Kraft P, Age at first experience of intercourse among Norwegian adolescents: a lifestyle perspective, Social Science & Medicine, 1991, 33(2):207–213; and Kinsman S et al., Early sexual initiation: the role of peer norms, Pediatrics, 1998, 102(5):1185–1192.
17. Royal Thai National Statistical Office, National Statistical Yearbook, Thailand 1998, Bangkok: Royal Thai National Statistical Office, 1998.
18. Kilmarx PH et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 4); and Weniger BG et al., The epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in Thailand, AIDS, 1991, 5(Suppl. 2):S71–S85.
19. Kilmarx PH et al., 2000, op. cit. (see reference 4); van Griensven F et al., The Use of Mortality Statistics as a Proxy Indicator for the Impact of the AIDS Epidemic on the Thai Population, Bangkok: Institute of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 1998, Publication No. 267/98.
20. Mills S et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 2).
21. Royal Thai Ministry of Education, Educational Management Information System Centre, Bangkok: Royal Thai Ministry of Education, 1997.
22. Manopaiboon C, Sexual coercion among adolescents in northern Thailand: prevalence and risk factors, Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2003, 34(2):447–457.
23. van Griensven F, The prevalence of homosexual and bisexual orientation and related health risks among adolescents in northern Thailand, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2004, 33(2):137–147.
24. Sandhikshetrin K, ed., Civil and Commercial Code of Thailand, Books I–VI and Glossary, Bangkok: Nititham Publishing House, 1996.
25. van Griensven F et al., 2001, op. cit. (see reference 3).
26. Des Jarlais DC et al., Audio-computer interviewing to measure risk behavior for HIV among injecting drug users: a quasi randomized trial, Lancet, 1999, 353(9165):1657–1661; Turner CF et al., Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: increased reporting with computer survey technology, Science, 1998, 28(5365):867–873; and van Griensven F et al., Palmtop-assisted self-interviewing for the collection of sensitive behavioral data: randomized trial with drug use urine testing, American Journal of Epidemiology, 2006, 163(2):271–278.
27. Cronbach L, Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests, Psychometrika, 1951, 16(3):297–334.
28. Cox DR and Oakes D, Analysis of Survival Data, New York: Chapman and Hall, 1984.
29. Sittitrai W et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 1); Xenos P, Pitaktepsombati P and Sittitrai W, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 2); Podhisita C and Pattaravanich U, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2); Soonthornhada A, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 2); Ford N and Kittisuksathit S, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8); Ford NJ and Kittisuksathit S, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 8); Im-Em W, Changing partner relations in the era of AIDS in upper-north Thailand, in: Caldwell JC et al., eds., Resistances to Behavioral Change to Reduce HIV/AIDS Infection, Canberra, Australia: Health Transition Centre, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, 1999, pp. 157–170; Havanon N, Talking to men and women about their sexual relationships: insights from a Thai study, in: Zeidenstein S and Moore K, eds., Learning About Sexuality: A Practical Beginning, New York: International Women's Health Coalition and Population Council, 1996, pp. 110–118; and Knodel J et al., Thai views of sexuality and sexual behaviour, Health Transition Review, 1996, 6(2):179–201.
30. MacCallum RC et al., On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables, Psychological Methods, 2002, 7(1):19–40; and Preacher KJ et al., Use of the extreme groups approach: a critical reexamination and new recommendations, Psychological Methods, 2005, 10(2):178–192.
31. Podhisita C and Pattaravanich U, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2).
32. Cash K, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 2); Podhisita C and Pattaravanich U, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Havanon N, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 29).
33. Sittitrai W et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 1); Xenos P, Pitaktepsombati P and Sittitrai W, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 2); Cash K, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 2); Podhisita C and Pattaravanich U, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Soonthornhada A, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 2).
34. Orr DP et al., 2001, op. cit. (see reference 6); Manzini N, Sexual initiation and childbearing among adolescent girls in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, Reproductive Health Matters, 2001, 9(17):44–52; and Singh S and Darroch JE, Trends in sexual activity among adolescent American women: 1982–1995, Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 31(5):212–219.
35. Podhisita C and Pattaravanich U, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Im-Em W, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 29).
36. Knodel J et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 29).
37. Xenos P, Pitaktepsombati P and Sittitrai W, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 2); Ford N and Kittisuksathit S, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8); Ford NJ and Kittisuksathit S, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 8); Im-Em W, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 29); Havanon N, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 29); and Knodel J et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 29).
38. Ford N and Kittisuksathit S, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8); Ford NJ and Kittisuksathit S, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 8); Im-Em W, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 29); Havanon N, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 29); Knodel J et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 29); and Taywaditep K, Thailand (Maunag Thai), in: Francoeur R, ed., The Continuum Complete International Encyclopaedia of Sexuality, New York: Continuum Publishing, 2004, pp. 1021–1053.
39. Ford N and Kittisuksathit S, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8).
40. Sittitrai W et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 1); Xenos P, Pitaktepsombati P and Sittitrai W, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 2); van Griensven F et al., 2001, op. cit. (see reference 3); Jenkins RA et al., 1999, op. cit. (see reference 4); Kitsiripornchai S et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 4); and Nelson KE et al., 2002, op. cit. (see reference 4).
41. Ibid.
42. Jenkins RA et al., 1999, op. cit. (see reference 4); and Nelson KE et al., 2002, op. cit. (see reference 4).
43. Nelson KE et al., 2002, op. cit. (see reference 4).
44. Lyttleton C, Endangered Relations: Negotiating Sex and AIDS in Thailand, New York: Harwood, 2000.
45. Podhisita C and Pattaravanich U, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 2); Choe MK et al., 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7); and Podhisita C, Xenos PFnd Varangrat A, 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7).
46. Ford N and Kittisuksathit S, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8); and Ford NJ and Kittisuksathit S, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 8).
47. Klausner WJ, Thai Culture in Transition, Bangkok: Siam Society, 1997.
48. Meschke LL and Silbereisen RK, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 16); Lammers C et al., Influences on adolescents' decision to postpone onset of sexual intercourse: a survival analysis of virginity among youths aged 13 to 18 years, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2000, 26(1):42–48; Rosenthal SL et al., Sexual initiation: predictors and developmental trends, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2001, 28(9):527–532; Karofsky PS et al., Relationship between adolescent-parental communication and initiation of first intercourse by adolescents, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2001, 28(1):41–45; Resnick MD et al., Protecting adolescents from harm: findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1997, 278(10):823–832; and Sieving RE et al., Maternal expectations, mother-child connectedness, and adolescent sexual debut, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 2000, 154(8):809–816.
49. Choe MK et al., 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7); and Podhisita C, Xenos P and Varangrat A, 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7).
50. Ford N and Kittisuksathit S, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8); Ford NJ and Kittisuksathit S, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 8); and Klausner WJ, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 47).
51. Podhisita C, Xenos P and Varangrat A, 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7).
52. VanLandingham M et al., In the company of friends: peer influence on Thai male extramarital sex, Social Science & Medicine, 1998, 47(12):1993–2011.
53. Kinsman S et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 16).
54. Podhisita C, Xenos P and Varangrat A, 2004, op. cit. (see reference 7).
55. Buga GA, Amoko DH and Ncayiyana DJ, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 6); and Fergusson DM and Lynskey MT, Alcohol misuse and adolescent sexual behaviors and risk taking, Pediatrics, 1996, 98(1):91–96.
56. Allen DR et al., Sexual health risks among young Thai women: implications for HIV/STD prevention and contraception, AIDS and Behavior, 2003, 7(1):9–21; Jenkins RA et al., Determinants of condom use and intentions to use condoms among northern Thai youth, AIDS Education and Prevention, 2002, 14(2):228–245; and Pitaktong U et al., Helmet use and related risk behaviors among young motorcyclists in northern Thailand, 2004, Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 35(2):232–241.
57. Resnick MD et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 48); Fergusson DM and Lynskey MT, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 55); and Halpern-Felsher BL et al., Relationship of alcohol use and risky sexual behavior: a review and analysis of findings, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1996, 19(5):331–336.
58. Touraneau R et al., The Psychology of Survey Response, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
59. Des Jarlais DC et al., 1999, op. cit. (see reference 26); and Turner CF et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 26).
60. Royal Thai Ministry of Education, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 21).
61. Cash K et al., AIDS Prevention Through Peer Education for Northern Thai Single Migratory Factory Workers, Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women, 1997.
62. Gray A and Punpuing S, Gender, Sexuality and Reproductive Health in Thailand, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, 1999, Research Report No. 232.
63. Beyrer C, War in the Blood: Sex, Politics and AIDS in Southeast Asia, London and New York: Zed Books, 1998.
64. Ford N and Kittisuksathit S, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8); and Ford NJ and Kittisuksathit S, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 8).
65. VanLandingham M et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 52).
66. Cash K, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Cash K et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 61).