1. World Health Organization (WHO), Violence by intimate partners, in: Krug EG et al., eds., World Report on Violence and Health, Geneva: WHO, 2002, pp. 87–122.
2. WHO, Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women, Geneva: WHO, 2013, lt;1gt;, accessed Nov. 5, 2013.
3. Hindin MJ, Kishor S and Ansara DL, Intimate Partner Violence Among Couples in 10 DHS Countries: Predictors and Health Outcomes, Calverton, MD, USA: Macro International, 2008.
4. Garcia-Moreno C et al., Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence, Lancet, 2006, 368(9543):1260–1269.
5. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005–06: India, Mumbai: IIPS, 2007.
6. Ackerson LK and Subramanian SV, Domestic violence and chronic malnutrition among women and children in India, American Journal of Epidemiology, 2008, 167(10):1188–1196.
7. Chowdhary N and Patel V, The effect of spousal violence on women’s health: findings from the Stree Arogya Shodh in Goa, India, Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 2008, 54(4):306–312.
8. Chandra PS, Satyanarayana VA and Carey MP, Women reporting intimate partner violence in India: associations with PTSD and depressive symptoms, Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 2009, 12(4):203–209.
9. Kumar S et al., Domestic violence and its mental health correlates in Indian women, British Journal of Psychiatry, 2005, 187:62–67.
10. Shidhaye R and Patel V, Association of socio-economic, gender and health factors with common mental disorders in women: a population-based study of 5,703 married rural women in India, International Journal of Epidemiology, 2010, 39(6):1510–1521.
11. Decker MR et al., Intimate partner violence functions as both a risk marker and risk factor for women’s HIV infection: findings from Indian husband-wife dyads, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2009, 51(5):593–600.
12. Stephenson R et al., Domestic violence, contraceptive use and unwanted pregnancy in rural India, Studies in Family Planning, 2008, 39(3):177–186.
13. Sudha S, Morrison S and Zhu L, Violence against women, symptom reporting and treatment for reproductive tract infections in Kerala state, Southern India, Health Care for Women International, 2007, 28(3):268–284.
14. Ganatra BR, Coyaji KJ and Rao VN, Too far, too little, too late: a community-based case-control study of maternal mortality in rural west Maharashtra, India, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1998, 76(6):591–598.
15. Koenig MA et al., Domestic violence and early childhood mortality in rural India: evidence from prospective data, International Journal of Epidemiology, 2010, 39(3):825–833.
16. Koski AD, Stephenson R and Koenig MR, Physical violence by partner during pregnancy and use of prenatal care in rural India, Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 2011, 29(3):245–254.
17. Sabarwal S et al., Association between maternal intimate partner violence victimization and childhood immunization in India, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 2012, 58(2):107–113.
18. Sudha S and Morrison S, Marital violence and women’s reproductive health care in Uttar Pradesh, India, Women’s Health Issues, 2011, 21(3):214–221.
19. Hesketh T, Selecting sex: the effect of preferring sons, Early Human Development, 2011, 87(11):759–761.
20. Chaudhuri S, Female infant mortality disadvantage in India: a regional analysis, Review of Radical Political Economics, 2012, 44(3):321–326.
21. Arnold F, Choe MK and Roy TK, Son preference, the family-building process and child mortality in India, Population Studies, 1998, 52(3):301–315.
22. Corsi DJ et al., Gender inequity and age-appropriate immunization coverage in India from 1992 to 2006, BMC International Health and Human Rights, 2009, 9(Suppl. 1):S3.
23. Chaudhuri S, The desire for sons and excess fertility: a household-level analysis of parity progression in India, International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2012, 38(4):178–186.
24. Jejeebhoy SJ, Wife-beating in rural India: a husband’s right? Evidence from survey data, Economic and Political Weekly, 1998, 33(15):855–862.
25. Bloch F and Rao V, Terror as a bargaining instrument: a case study of dowry violence in rural India, American Economic Review, 2002, 92(4):1029–1043.
26. Go VF et al., Crossing the threshold: engendered definitions of socially acceptable domestic violence in Chennai, India, Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2003, 5(5):393–408.
27. Kaur R and Garg S, Domestic violence against women: a qualitative study in a rural community, Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 2010, 22(2):242–251.
28. Sharma BR, Social etiology of violence against women in India, Social Science Journal, 2005, 42(3):375–389.
29. Ackerson LK and Subramanian SV, State gender inequality, socioeconomic status and intimate partner violence in India: a multilevel analysis, Australian Journal of Social Issues, 2008, 43(1):81–102.
30. Ackerson LK et al., Effects of individual and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence: a population-based study of women in India, American Journal of Public Health, 2008, 98(3):507–514.
31. Jeyaseelan L et al., World studies of abuse in the family environment—risk factors for physical intimate partner violence, Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2004, 11(2):117–124.
32. Koenig MA et al., Individual and contextual determinants of domestic violence in North India, American Journal of Public Health, 2006, 96(1):132–138.
33. Boyle MH, Community influences on intimate partner violence in India: women’s education, attitudes towards mistreatment and standards of living, Social Science & Medicine, 2009, 69(5):691–697.
34. Blanc AK et al., The effect of power in sexual relationships on sexual and reproductive health: an examination of the evidence, Studies in Family Planning, 2001, 32(3):189–213.
35. Heise LL, Violence against women: an integrated, ecological framework, Violence Against Women, 1998, 4(3):262–290.
36. Vyas S and Watts C, How does economic empowerment affect women’s risk of intimate partner violence in low and middle income countries? A systematic review of published evidence, Journal of International Development, 2009, 21(5):577–602.
37. Rocca CH et al., Challenging assumptions about women’s empowerment: social and economic resources and domestic violence among young married women in urban South India, International Journal of Epidemiology, 2009, 38(2):577–585.
38. Babu BV and Kar SK, Domestic violence in Eastern India: factors associated with victimization and perpetration, Public Health, 2010, 124(3):136–148.
39. Krishnan S et al., Do changes in spousal employment status lead to domestic violence? Insights from a prospective study in Bangalore, India, Social Science & Medicine, 2010, 70(1):136–143.
40. Madhivanan P, Krupp K and Reingold A, Correlates of intimate partner physical violence among young reproductive age women in Mysore, India, Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 2011, doi: 10.1177/1010539511426474, accessed July 19, 2013.
41. Dalal K, Does economic empowerment protect women from intimate partner violence? Journal of Injury and Violence Research, 2011, 3(1):35–44.
42. Babu BV and Kar SK, Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issues, BMC Public Health, 2009, 9:129.
43. Krishnan S, Gender, caste and economic inequalities and marital violence in rural South India, Health Care for Women International, 2005, 26(1):87–99.
44. Mogford E, When status hurts: dimensions of women’s status and domestic abuse in rural Northern India, Violence Against Women, 2011, 17(7):835–857.
45. Kabeer N, Money Can’t Buy Me Love? Re-evaluating Gender, Credit and Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh, Sussex, UK: Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex, 1998, lt;1gt;, accessed Apr. 12, 2013.
46. Jewkes R, Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention, Lancet, 2002, 359(9315):1423–1429.
47. Jejeebhoy S, Women’s autonomy in rural India: its dimensions, determinants and the influence of context, in: Presser HB and Sen G, eds., Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Processes: Moving Beyond Cairo, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000.
48. Agarwal B, “Bargaining” and gender relations: within and beyond the household, Feminist Economics, 1997, 3(1):1–51.
49. Macmillan R and Gartner R, When she brings home the bacon: labor-force participation and the risk of spousal violence against women, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1999, 61(4):947–958.
50. IIPS and Johns Hopkins University, Final Report of the 2003 NFHS-2 Four-State Follow-up Survey, Mumbai: IIPS, 2005.
51. IIPS and ORC Macro, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), 1998–99: India, Mumbai: IIPS, 2000.
52. WHO, Putting Women First: Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Research on Domestic Violence Against Women, Geneva: WHO, 2001.
53. Simister J and Mehta PS, Gender-based violence in India: long-term trends, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2010, 25(9):1594–1611.
54. Rathod SD et al., ACASI and face-to-face interviews yield inconsistent estimates of domestic violence among women in India: the Samata Health Study 2005–2009, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2011, 26(12):2437–2456.
55. Crowne SS et al., Risk factors for intimate partner violence initiation and persistence among high psychosocial risk Asian and Pacific Islander women in intact relationships, Women’s Health Issues, 2012, 22(2):e181–e188.
56. Coker AL et al., Intimate partner violence incidence and continuation in a primary care screening program, American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007, 165(7):821–827.
57. Stephenson R, Koenig MA and Ahmed S, Domestic violence and contraceptive adoption in Uttar Pradesh, India, Studies in Family Planning, 2006, 37(2):75–86.
58. Dreze J and Sen A, Putting growth in its place: it has to be but a means to development, not an end in itself, Outlook, 2011, <http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?278843>, accessed July 19, 2013.