1. Hamilton BE et al., Annual summary of vital statistics: 2010–2011, Pediatrics, 2013, 131(3):548–558.
2. Kost K, Henshaw S and Carlin L, U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions: National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2010.
3. Keppel KG, Ten largest racial and ethnic health disparities in the United States based on Healthy People 2010 objectives, American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007, 166(1):97–103.
4. Kirby D, Emerging Answers 2007: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2007.
5. Whitaker DJ and Miller KS, Parent-adolescent discussions about sex and condoms: impact on peer influences of sexual risk behavior, Journal of Adolescent Research, 2000, 15(2):251–273.
6. DiClemente RJ et al., Parental monitoring: association with adolescents’ risk behaviors, Pediatrics, 2001, 107(6):1363–1368.
7. Burrus B et al., Person-to-person interventions targeted to parents and other caregivers to improve adolescent health: a community guide systematic review, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2012, 42(3):316–326.
8. Hutchinson MK and Wood EB, Reconceptualizing adolescent sexual risk in a parent-based expansion of the theory of planned behavior, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2007, 39(2):141–146.
9. Hutchinson MK et al., The role of mother-daughter sexual risk communication in reducing sexual risk behaviors among urban adolescent females: a prospective study, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2003, 33(2):98–107.
10. Prado G and Pantin H, Reducing substance use and HIV health disparities among Hispanic youth in the USA: the Familias Unidas program of research, Intervención Psicosocial, 2011, 20(1):63–73.
11. DiIorio C et al., Keepin’ it R.E.A.L.!: results of a mother-adolescent HIV prevention program, Nursing Research, 2006, 55(1):43–51.
12. Stanton B et al., Randomized trial of a parent intervention: Parents can make a difference in long-term adolescent risk behaviors, perceptions, and knowledge, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 2004, 158(10):947–955.
13. Guilamo-Ramos V et al., A parent-based intervention to reduce sexual risk behavior in early adolescence: building alliances between physicians, social workers, and parents, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2011, 48(2):159–163.
14. Murry VM et al., Intervention induced changes on parenting practices, youth self-pride and sexual norms to reduce HIV-related behaviors among rural African American youths, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2011, 40(9):1147–1163.
15. Atienzo EE et al., Interventions with parents to modify sexual behavior in adolescents, Salud Pública de México, 2011, 53(2):160–171 (in Spanish).
16. Wight D and Fullerton D, A review of interventions with parents to promote the sexual health of their children, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2013, 52(1):4–27.
17. Bastien S, Kajula LJ and Muhwezi WW, A review of studies of parent–child communication about sexuality and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, Reproductive Health, 2011, 8(1):25.
18. Downing J et al., A systematic review of parent and family-based intervention effectiveness on sexual outcomes in young people, Health Education Research, 2011, 26(5):808–833.
19. Akers AY, Holland CL and Bost J, Interventions to improve parental communication about sex: a systematic review, Pediatrics, 2011, 127(3):494–510.
20. Michie S et al., From theory to intervention: mapping theoretically derived behavioural determinants to behaviour change techniques, Applied Psychology, 2008, 57(4):660–680.
21. Glanz K and Bishop DB, The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions, Annual Review of Public Health, 2010, 31:399–418.
22. Buhi ER and Goodson P, Predictors of adolescent sexual behavior and intention: a theory-guided systematic review, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2007, 40(1):4–21.
23. Bartholomew LK and Mullen PD, Five roles for using theory and evidence in the design and testing of behavior change interventions, Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 2011, 71(Suppl. 1):S20–S33.
24. Painter JE et al., The use of theory in health behavior research from 2000 to 2005: a systematic review, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2008, 35(3):358–362.
25. Hardeman W et al., Application of the theory of planned behaviour in behaviour change interventions: a systematic review, Psychology & Health, 2002, 17(2):123–158.
26. Bandura A, Social cognitive theory, in: Van Lange PAM, Kruglanski AW and Higgins ET, eds., Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2011, pp. 349–373.
27. Michie S et al., The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2013, 46(1):81–95.
28. Rossi PH, Lipsey MW and Freeman HE, Evaluation: A Systematic Approach, seventh ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004.
29. Bartholomew LK et al., Planning Health Promotion Programs: An Intervention Mapping Approach, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2011.
30.Kirby D and Miller BC, Interventions designed to promote parent-teen communication about sexuality, New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2002, 97:93–110.
31. Borenstein M et al., Introduction to Meta-Analysis, West Sussex, England: Wiley, 2011.
32. Villarruel AM, Loveland-Cherry CJ and Ronis DL, Testing the efficacy of a computer-based parent-adolescent sexual communication intervention for Latino parents, Family Relations, 2010, 59(5):533–543.
33. Barr EM, Moore MJ and Howard A, A pilot project to increase parent comfort communicating with their children about sexual health, American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2012, 7(3):253–266.
34. DiIorio CK, McCarty F and Pluhar E, Set the P.A.C.E.!: results of an HIV prevention intervention for mothers of young children, Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services, 2011, 10(3):290–310.
35. Evans WD et al., Effects of media messages on parent–child sexual communication, Journal of Health Communication, 2012, 17(5):498–514.
36. O'Donnell L et al., Especially for daughters: parent education to address alcohol and sex-related risk taking among urban young adolescent girls, Health Promotion Practice, 2010, 11(3, Suppl.):70S–78S.
37. Schuster MA et al., Evaluation of Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, a new worksite based parenting programme to promote parent-adolescent communication about sexual health: randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 2008, 337(7664):273–277.
38. Lederman RP, Chan W and Roberts-Gray C, Parent-Adolescent Relationship Education (PARE): program delivery to reduce risks for adolescent pregnancy and STDs, Behavioral Medicine, 2008, 33(4):137–143.
39. DiIorio C et al., REAL men: a group-randomized trial of an HIV prevention intervention for adolescent boys, American Journal of Public Health, 2007, 97(6):1084–1089.
40. Dancy BL et al., African American adolescent females: mother-involved HIV risk-reduction intervention, Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services, 2009, 8(3):292–307.
41. Burgess V, Dziegielewski SF and Green CE, Improving comfort about sex communication between parents and their adolescents: practice-based research within a teen sexuality group, Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 2005, 5(4):379–390.
42. O'Donnell L et al., Saving Sex for Later: an evaluation of a parent education intervention, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2005, 37(4):166–173.
43. McKay MM et al., Family-level impact of the CHAMP Family Program: a community collaborative effort to support urban families and reduce youth HIV risk exposure, Family Process, 2004, 43(1):79–93.
44. Forehand R et al., Efficacy of a parent-based sexual-risk prevention program for African American preadolescents: a randomized controlled trial, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 2007, 161(12):1123–1129.
45. Blake SM et al., Effects of a parent–child communications intervention on young adolescents’ risk for early onset of sexual intercourse, Family Planning Perspectives, 2001, 33(2):52–61.
46. Anderson NL et al., Evaluating the outcomes of parent–child family life education, Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 1999, 13(3):211–234.
47. Causey K et al., Using theater arts to engage Latino families in dialogue about adolescent sexual health: the PATH-AT program, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 2012, 23(1):347–357.
48. DuRant RH et al., An evaluation of a mass media campaign to encourage parents of adolescents to talk to their children about sex, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2006, 38(3):298.e1–298.e9, , accessed June 1, 2013.
49. Silitsky C and Jones SG, Mothers’ voices: enhancing mother-child communication for HIV prevention, Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Children & Youth, 2004, 6(2):33–46.
50. Bartlett R and Shelton T, Feasibility and initial efficacy testing of an HIV prevention intervention for black adolescent girls, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2010, 31(11):731–738.
51. Woody JD, Randall AD and D'Souza HJ, A sex education program for mothers: effects, parent characteristics, and practice insights, American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2007, 3(1):39–64.
52. Klein JD et al., Evaluation of the Parents as Primary Sexuality Educators program, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2005, 37(3, Suppl.):S94–S99.
53. Lefkowitz ES, Sigman M and Au TK, Helping mothers discuss sexuality and AIDS with adolescents, Child Development, 2000, 71(5):1383–1394.
54. Green HH and Documét PI, Parent peer education: lessons learned from a community-based initiative for teen pregnancy prevention, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2005, 37(3, Suppl.):S100–S107.
55. Szapocznik J et al., An ecodevelopmental framework for organizing the influences on drug abuse: a developmental model of risk and protection, in: Glantz MD and Hartel CR, eds., Drug Abuse Origins and Interventions, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1999, pp. 331–366.
56. Ajzen I, Theory of planned behavior, in: Van Lange PAM, Kruglanski AW and Higgins ET, eds., Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2011, pp. 438–460.
57. Fishbein M, Middlestadt SE and Hitchcock PJ, Using information to change sexually transmitted disease-related behaviors, in: DiClemente RJ and Peterson JL, eds., Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions, New York: Springer Science + Business Media, 1994, pp. 61–78.
58. Semaan S et al., A profile of U.S.-based trials of behavioral and social interventions for HIV risk reduction, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2002, 30(Suppl. 1):S30–S50.
59. Cohen J, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, New York: Routledge Academic, 2013.
60. Warner RM, Applied Statistics: From Bivariate Through Multivariate Techniques, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2008.
61. McGough JJ and Faraone SV, Estimating the size of treatment effects: moving beyond p values, Psychiatry, 2009, 6(10):21–29.
62. Mather M, U.S. children in single-mother families, Data Brief, Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2010, , accessed Jan. 1, 2014.
63. Guilamo-Ramos V et al., Paternal influences on adolescent sexual risk behaviors: a structured literature review, Pediatrics, 2012, 130(5):e1313–e1325, , accessed June 1, 2013.
64. Wilson EK, Dalberth BT and Koo HP, “We're the heroes!”: fathers’ perspectives on their role in protecting their preteenage children from sexual risk, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2010, 42(2):117–124.
65. Ohalete N, Georges J and Doswell W, Tales from the “hood”: placing reproductive health communication between African American fathers and children in context, ABNF Journal, 2010, 21(1):14–20.
66. DeHaven MJ et al., Health programs in faith-based organizations: Are they effective? American Journal of Public Health, 2004, 94(6):1030–1036.
67. Smith GC and Palmieri PA, Risk of psychological difficulties among children raised by custodial grandparents, Psychiatric Services, 2007, 58(10):1303–1310.
68. Garofalo R et al., The association between health risk behaviors and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents, Pediatrics, 1998, 101(5):895–902.
69. Bratteli M, Bjelde K and Pigatti L, Grandparent and kinship foster care: implications of licensing and payment policies, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2008, 51(3–4):228–246.
70. Pyatak EA et al., Conducting intervention research among underserved populations: lessons learned and recommendations for researchers, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2013, 94(6):1190–1198.
71. Lightfoot M, HIV prevention for adolescents: Where do we go from here? American Psychologist, 2012, 67(8):661–671.
72. Mitchell SJ et al., Internet and mobile technology use among urban African American parents: survey study of a clinical population, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2014, 16(1):e9, , accessed June 1, 2013.
73. Baumeister RF, Vohs KD and Tice DM, The strength model of self-control, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2007, 16(6):351–355.
74. Prestwich AS et al., Does theory influence the effectiveness of health behavior interventions? Meta-analysis, Health Psychology, 2014, 33(5):465–474.
75. Dittus PJ and Jaccard J, Adolescents’ perceptions of maternal disapproval of sex: relationship to sexual outcomes, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2000, 26(4):268–278.
76. Cox MF, Maternal demandingness and responsiveness as predictors of adolescent abstinence, Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 2007, 22(3):197–205.
77. Parkes A et al., Is parenting associated with teenagers’ early sexual risk-taking, autonomy and relationship with sexual partners? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2011, 43(1):30–40.
78. Miller KS et al., Family communication about sex: What are parents saying and are their adolescents listening? Family Planning Perspectives, 1998, 30(5):218–222 & 235.
79. Donenberg GR, Paikoff R and Pequegnat W, Introduction to the special section on families, youth, and HIV: family-based intervention studies, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2006, 31(9):869–873.
80. Li X, Feigelman S and Stanton B, Perceived parental monitoring and health risk behaviors among urban low-income African-American children and adolescents, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2000, 27(1):43–48.
81. Baptiste DR et al., Determinants of parental monitoring and preadolescent sexual risk situations among African American families living in urban public housing, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2007, 16(2):261–274.
82. Davies P, Walker AE and Grimshaw JM, A systematic review of the use of theory in the design of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies and interpretation of the results of rigorous evaluations, Implementation Science, 2010, 5(1):14.
83. Higgins JP, Commentary: heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be expected and appropriately quantified, International Journal of Epidemiology, 2008, 37(5):1158–1160.