1. American Social Health Association, STD Statistics, 1998, <http://www. ashastd.org/std/stats/html>, accessed Jan. 26, 2001.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Tracking the Hidden Epidemics: Trends in STDs in the United States, 2000, <http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Stats_Trends/Trends2000.pdf>, accessed Jan. 26, 2002.
3. CDC, STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities, STD Surveillance 2000, 2000, <http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/TOC2000.htm>, accessed Aug. 1, 2002.
4. CDC, HIV Prevalence Trends in Selected Populations in the United States: Results from National Serosurveillance, 1993-1997, 2000, <http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Stats_Trends/Trends2000.pdf>, accessed Jan. 26, 2002.
5. CDC, Statistics and Trends: HIV/AIDS Among African Americans, 2000, <http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/afam.htm>, accessed Aug. 1, 2002.
6. Anderson JE and Dahlberg LL, High-risk sexual behavior in the general population: results from a national survey, 1988-1990, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1992, 19(6):329-325; Durbin M et al., Factors associated with multiple sex partners among junior high school students, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1993, 14(3):202-207; and Smith T, Adult sexual behavior in 1989: number of partners, frequency of intercourse and risk of AIDS, Family Planning Perspectives, 1991, 23(3):102-107.
7. Coker A et al., Correlates and consequences of early initiation of sexual intercourse, Journal of School Health, 1994, 64(9):372-377; Hofferth S, Kahn J and Baldwin W, Premarital sexual activity among U.S. teenage women over the past three decades, Family Planning Perspectives, 1987, 19(2):46-53; Kinsman S et al., Early sexual initiation: the role of peer norms, Pediatrics, 1998, 102(5):1185-1192; Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, Factors influencing first intercourse for teenage men, Public Health Reports, 1993, 108(6):680-694; Miller B et al., The timing of sexual intercourse among adolescents, Youth and Society, 1997, 29(1):54-83; Young E et al., The effects of family structure on the sexual behavior of adolescents, Adolescence, 1991, 26(104):977-986; and Zelnik M and Shah F, First intercourse among young Americans, Family Planning Perspectives, 1983, 15(2):64-70.
8. Seidman SN, Mosher WD and Aral SO, Predictors of high-risk behavior in unmarried American women: adolescent environment as a risk factor, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1994, 15(2):126-132; Strong B, DeVault C and Sayad BW, Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America, third ed., Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1999; and Greenberg J, Magder L and Aral S, Age at first coitus: a marker for risky sexual behavior in women, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1992, 19(6): 331-334.
9. Devine D, Long P and Forehand R, A prospective study of adolescent sexual activity: description, correlates, and predictors, Advanced Behavioral Research and Therapy, 1993, 15(3):185-209; Dorius G, Heaton T and Steffen P, Adolescent life events and their association with the onset of sexual intercourse, Youth and Society, 1993, 25(1):3-23; Forste R and Heaton T, Initiation of sexual activity among female adolescents, Youth and Society, 1988, 19(3):250-268; Kiernan K and Hobcraft J, Parental divorce during childhood: age at first intercourse, partnership and parenthood, Population Studies, 1997, 51(4):41-55; Miller B et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7); Mott F et al., The determinants of first sex by age 14 in a high-risk adolescent population, Family Planning Perspectives, 1996, 28(1):13-18; Newcomer S and Udry JR, Parental marital status effects on adolescent sexual behavior, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1987, 49(1):235-240; Pick S and Palos P, Impact of the family on the sex lives of adolescents, Adolescence, 1995, 30(119): 667- 673; Taris T and Semin G, Parent-child interaction during adolescence, and the adolescent's sexual experience: control, closeness, and conflict, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1997, 26(4):373-398; and Thornton A and Camburn D, The influence of the family on premarital sexual attitudes and behavior, Demography, 1987, 24(3):323-340.
10. Davis K and Blake J, Social structure and fertility: an analytic framework, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1956, 44(3):214-218.
11. Hogan D and Kitagawa E, The impact of social status, family structure, and neighborhood on the fertility of black adolescents, American Journal of Sociology, 1985, 90(4):825-855.
12. Ibid.
13. Forste R and Heaton T, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 9); Furstenberg F, Jr., et al., Race differences in the timing of adolescent intercourse, American Sociological Review, 1987, 52(4):511-518; and Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 7).
14. Smith E and Udry JR, Coital and non-coital behaviors of white and black adolescents, American Journal of Public Health, 1985, 75(10): 1200-1203.
15. Coker A et al., 1994, op. cit. (see reference 7).
16. Moore K, Simms M and Betsey C, Choice and Circumstance, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1986.
17. Leigh G, Weddle K and Loewen I, Analysis of the timing of transition to sexual intercourse for black adolescent females, Journal of Adolescent Research, 1988, 3(4):333-334; Ramirez-Valles J, Zimmerman M and Juarez L, Gender differences of neighborhood and social control processes: a study of the timing of first intercourse among low-achieving, urban, African-American youth, Youth and Society, 2002, 33(3):418-441; and Scott-James D and White A, Correlates of sexual activity in early adolescence, Journal of Early Adolescence, 1998, 1(2):221-238.
18. Forste R and Heaton T, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 9); Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 7); Miller B et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7); Miller B and Sneesby K, Educational correlates of adolescents' sexual attitudes and behavior, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1988, 17(6):521-530; Pick S and Palos P, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 9); Rosen R, Herskovitz L and Stack J, Timing of the transition of nonvirginity among unmarried adolescent women, Population Research and Policy Review, 1982, 1(2):153-170; Rosenbaum E and Kandel D, Early onset of adolescent sexual behavior and drug involvement, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1990, 52(3):783-798; and Thornton A and Camburn D, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 9).
19. Li X, Feigelman S and Stanton B, Perceived parental monitoring and health risk behaviors among urban low-income African-American children and adolescents, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2000, 27(1): 43-48.
20. Devine D, Long P and Forehand R, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 9); Newcomer S and Udry JR, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 9); and Taris T and Semin G, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9).
21. Miller B and Moore K, Adolescent sexual behavior, pregnancy, and parenting: research through the 1980s, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1990, 52(4):1025-1044.
22. Hansson RO et al., Maternal employment and adolescent sexual behavior, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1981, 10(1):55-60; Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 7); and Mott F et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 9).
23. Newcomer S and Udry JR, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 9); and Taris T and Semin G, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9).
24. Forste R and Heaton T, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 9); and Kinsman S et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 7).
25. Devine D, Long P and Forehand R, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 9); Feldman SS and Brown N, Family influences on adolescent male sexuality: the mediational role of self-restraint, Social Development, 1993, 2(1):15-35; Flewelling R and Bauman K, Family structure as a predictor of initial substance use and sexual intercourse in early adolescence, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1990, 52(1):171-181; Hofferth S, Kahn J and Baldwin W, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 7); Kinnaird KL and Gerrard M, Premarital sexual behavior and attitudes toward marriage and divorce among young women as a function of their mothers' marital status, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1986, 48(3):757-765; Miller B et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7); and Rosenbaum E and Kandel D, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 18).
26. Kiernan K and Hobcraft J, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9).
27. Ibid.; Flewelling R and Bauman K, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 25); Miller B and Bingham C, Family configuration in relation to the sexual behavior of female adolescents, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1989, 51(2):499-506; and Miller B and Moore K, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 21).
28. Devine D, Long P and Forehand R, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 9).
29. Seidman SN, Mosher WD and Aral SO, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8).
30. Forste R and Heaton T, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 9); Greenberg J, Magder L and Aral S, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 8); Kinnaird KL and Gerrard M, 1986, op. cit. (see reference 25); Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 7); Miller B and Sneesby K, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 18); and Pick S and Palos P, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 9).
31. Forste R and Heaton T, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 9); Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 7); Mott F et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 9); Seidman SN, Mosher WD and Aral SO, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8); and Thornton A and Camburn D, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 9).
32. Davidson J, Darling C and Norton L, Religiosity and the sexuality of women: sexual behavior and sexual satisfaction revisited, Journal of Sex Research, 1995, 32(3):235-243; Langer L, Warheit G and McDonald L, Correlates and predictors of risky sexual practices among a multi-racial/ethnic sample of university students, Social Behavior and Personality, 2001, 29(2):133-144; and Leak G, Relationship between religious orientation and love styles, sexual attitudes, and sexual behaviors, Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1993, 21(4):315-318.
33. Anderson JE and Dahlberg LL, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 6); Binson D et al., Multiple sexual partners among young adults in high-risk cities, Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(6):268-272; Kost K and Forrest JD, American women's sexual behavior and exposure to risk of sexually transmitted diseases, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(6):244-254; Leigh B, Temple M and Trocki K, The sexual behavior of U.S. adults: results from a national survey, American Journal of Public Health, 1993, 83(10):1400-1408; Peterson J et al., Multiple sexual partners among blacks in high-risk cities, Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(6):263-267; Smith T, Adult sexual behavior in 1989: number of partners, frequency of intercourse and risk of AIDS, Family Planning Perspectives, 1991, 23(3):102-107; and Somse P, Chapko MK and Hawkins RV, Multiple sexual partners: results of a national HIV/AIDS survey in the Central African Republic, AIDS, 1993, 7(4):579-587.
34. Tanfer K, National Survey of Men: design and execution, Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(2):83-86.
35. Arbuckle JL, AMOS User's Guide: Version 3.6, Chicago: SmallWaters Corp., 1997.
36. Mueller RO, Basic Principles of Structural Equation Modeling: An Introduction to LISREL and EQS, New York: Springer, 1996.
37. Kline R, Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, New York: Guilford Press, 1998.
38. Mott F et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 9).
39. Miller BC, Monson BH and Norton MC, The effects of forced sexual intercourse on white female adolescents, Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995, 19(10):1289-1301; and Neumark-Sztainer D et al., Psychosocial correlates of health compromising behaviors among adolescents, Health Education Research, 1997, 12(1):37-52.
40. Felitti V et al., Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1998, 14(4):245-258.
1. American Social Health Association, STD Statistics, 1998, <http://www. ashastd.org/std/stats/html>, accessed Jan. 26, 2001.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Tracking the Hidden Epidemics: Trends in STDs in the United States, 2000, <http://www. cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Stats_Trends/Trends2000.pdf>, accessed Jan. 26, 2002.
3. CDC, STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities, STD Surveillance 2000, 2000, <http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/TOC2000.htm>, accessed Aug. 1, 2002.
4. CDC, HIV Prevalence Trends in Selected Populations in the United States: Results from National Serosurveillance, 1993-1997, 2000, <http://www. cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Stats_Trends/Trends2000.pdf>, accessed Jan. 26, 2002.
5. CDC, Statistics and Trends: HIV/AIDS Among African Americans, 2000, <http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/afam.htm>, accessed Aug. 1, 2002.
6. Anderson JE and Dahlberg LL, High-risk sexual behavior in the general population: results from a national survey, 1988-1990, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1992, 19(6):329-325; Durbin M et al., Factors associated with multiple sex partners among junior high school students, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1993, 14(3):202-207; and Smith T, Adult sexual behavior in 1989: number of partners, frequency of intercourse and risk of AIDS, Family Planning Perspectives, 1991, 23(3):102-107.
7. Coker A et al., Correlates and consequences of early initiation of sexual intercourse, Journal of School Health, 1994, 64(9):372-377; Hofferth S, Kahn J and Baldwin W, Premarital sexual activity among U.S. teenage women over the past three decades, Family Planning Perspectives, 1987, 19(2):46-53; Kinsman S et al., Early sexual initiation: the role of peer norms, Pediatrics, 1998, 102(5):1185-1192; Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, Factors influencing first intercourse for teenage men, Public Health Reports, 1993, 108(6):680-694; Miller B et al., The timing of sexual intercourse among adolescents, Youth and Society, 1997, 29(1):54-83; Young E et al., The effects of family structure on the sexual behavior of adolescents, Adolescence, 1991, 26(104):977-986; and Zelnik M and Shah F, First intercourse among young Americans, Family Planning Perspectives, 1983, 15(2):64-70.
8. Seidman SN, Mosher WD and Aral SO, Predictors of high-risk behavior in unmarried American women: adolescent environment as a risk factor, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1994, 15(2):126-132; Strong B, DeVault C and Sayad BW, Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America, third ed., Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1999; and Greenberg J, Magder L and Aral S, Age at first coitus: a marker for risky sexual behavior in women, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1992, 19(6): 331-334.
9. Devine D, Long P and Forehand R, A prospective study of adolescent sexual activity: description, correlates, and predictors, Advanced Behavioral Research and Therapy, 1993, 15(3):185-209; Dorius G, Heaton T and Steffen P, Adolescent life events and their association with the onset of sexual intercourse, Youth and Society, 1993, 25(1):3-23; Forste R and Heaton T, Initiation of sexual activity among female adolescents, Youth and Society, 1988, 19(3):250-268; Kiernan K and Hobcraft J, Parental divorce during childhood: age at first intercourse, partnership and parenthood, Population Studies, 1997, 51(4):41-55; Miller B et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7); Mott F et al., The determinants of first sex by age 14 in a high-risk adolescent population, Family Planning Perspectives, 1996, 28(1):13-18; Newcomer S and Udry JR, Parental marital status effects on adolescent sexual behavior, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1987, 49(1):235-240; Pick S and Palos P, Impact of the family on the sex lives of adolescents, Adolescence, 1995, 30(119): 667- 673; Taris T and Semin G, Parent-child interaction during adolescence, and the adolescent's sexual experience: control, closeness, and conflict, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1997, 26(4):373-398; and Thornton A and Camburn D, The influence of the family on premarital sexual attitudes and behavior, Demography, 1987, 24(3):323-340.
10. Davis K and Blake J, Social structure and fertility: an analytic framework, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1956, 44(3):214-218.
11. Hogan D and Kitagawa E, The impact of social status, family structure, and neighborhood on the fertility of black adolescents, American Journal of Sociology, 1985, 90(4):825-855.
12. Ibid.
13. Forste R and Heaton T, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 9); Furstenberg F, Jr., et al., Race differences in the timing of adolescent intercourse, American Sociological Review, 1987, 52(4):511-518; and Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 7).
14. Smith E and Udry JR, Coital and non-coital behaviors of white and black adolescents, American Journal of Public Health, 1985, 75(10): 1200-1203.
15. Coker A et al., 1994, op. cit. (see reference 7).
16. Moore K, Simms M and Betsey C, Choice and Circumstance, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1986.
17. Leigh G, Weddle K and Loewen I, Analysis of the timing of transition to sexual intercourse for black adolescent females, Journal of Adolescent Research, 1988, 3(4):333-334; Ramirez-Valles J, Zimmerman M and Juarez L, Gender differences of neighborhood and social control processes: a study of the timing of first intercourse among low-achieving, urban, African-American youth, Youth and Society, 2002, 33(3):418-441; and Scott-James D and White A, Correlates of sexual activity in early adolescence, Journal of Early Adolescence, 1998, 1(2):221-238.
18. Forste R and Heaton T, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 9); Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 7); Miller B et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7); Miller B and Sneesby K, Educational correlates of adolescents' sexual attitudes and behavior, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1988, 17(6):521-530; Pick S and Palos P, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 9); Rosen R, Herskovitz L and Stack J, Timing of the transition of nonvirginity among unmarried adolescent women, Population Research and Policy Review, 1982, 1(2):153-170; Rosenbaum E and Kandel D, Early onset of adolescent sexual behavior and drug involvement, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1990, 52(3):783-798; and Thornton A and Camburn D, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 9).
19. Li X, Feigelman S and Stanton B, Perceived parental monitoring and health risk behaviors among urban low-income African-American children and adolescents, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2000, 27(1): 43-48.
20. Devine D, Long P and Forehand R, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 9); Newcomer S and Udry JR, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 9); and Taris T and Semin G, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9).
21. Miller B and Moore K, Adolescent sexual behavior, pregnancy, and parenting: research through the 1980s, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1990, 52(4):1025-1044.
22. Hansson RO et al., Maternal employment and adolescent sexual behavior, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1981, 10(1):55-60; Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 7); and Mott F et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 9).
23. Newcomer S and Udry JR, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 9); and Taris T and Semin G, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9).
24. Forste R and Heaton T, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 9); and Kinsman S et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 7).
25. Devine D, Long P and Forehand R, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 9); Feldman SS and Brown N, Family influences on adolescent male sexuality: the mediational role of self-restraint, Social Development, 1993, 2(1):15-35; Flewelling R and Bauman K, Family structure as a predictor of initial substance use and sexual intercourse in early adolescence, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1990, 52(1):171-181; Hofferth S, Kahn J and Baldwin W, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 7); Kinnaird KL and Gerrard M, Premarital sexual behavior and attitudes toward marriage and divorce among young women as a function of their mothers' marital status, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1986, 48(3):757-765; Miller B et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7); and Rosenbaum E and Kandel D, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 18).
26. Kiernan K and Hobcraft J, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9).
27. Ibid.; Flewelling R and Bauman K, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 25); Miller B and Bingham C, Family configuration in relation to the sexual behavior of female adolescents, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1989, 51(2):499-506; and Miller B and Moore K, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 21).
28. Devine D, Long P and Forehand R, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 9).
29. Seidman SN, Mosher WD and Aral SO, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8).
30. Forste R and Heaton T, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 9); Greenberg J, Magder L and Aral S, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 8); Kinnaird KL and Gerrard M, 1986, op. cit. (see reference 25); Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 7); Miller B and Sneesby K, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 18); and Pick S and Palos P, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 9).
31. Forste R and Heaton T, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 9); Ku L, Sonenstein F and Pleck J, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 7); Mott F et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 9); Seidman SN, Mosher WD and Aral SO, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 8); and Thornton A and Camburn D, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 9).
32. Davidson J, Darling C and Norton L, Religiosity and the sexuality of women: sexual behavior and sexual satisfaction revisited, Journal of Sex Research, 1995, 32(3):235-243; Langer L, Warheit G and McDonald L, Correlates and predictors of risky sexual practices among a multi-racial/ethnic sample of university students, Social Behavior and Personality, 2001, 29(2):133-144; and Leak G, Relationship between religious orientation and love styles, sexual attitudes, and sexual behaviors, Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1993, 21(4):315-318.
33. Anderson JE and Dahlberg LL, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 6); Binson D et al., Multiple sexual partners among young adults in high-risk cities, Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(6):268-272; Kost K and Forrest JD, American women's sexual behavior and exposure to risk of sexually transmitted diseases, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(6):244-254; Leigh B, Temple M and Trocki K, The sexual behavior of U.S. adults: results from a national survey, American Journal of Public Health, 1993, 83(10):1400-1408; Peterson J et al., Multiple sexual partners among blacks in high-risk cities, Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(6):263-267; Smith T, Adult sexual behavior in 1989: number of partners, frequency of intercourse and risk of AIDS, Family Planning Perspectives, 1991, 23(3):102-107; and Somse P, Chapko MK and Hawkins RV, Multiple sexual partners: results of a national HIV/AIDS survey in the Central African Republic, AIDS, 1993, 7(4):579-587.
34. Tanfer K, National Survey of Men: design and execution, Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(2):83-86.
35. Arbuckle JL, AMOS User's Guide: Version 3.6, Chicago: SmallWaters Corp., 1997.
36. Mueller RO, Basic Principles of Structural Equation Modeling: An Introduction to LISREL and EQS, New York: Springer, 1996.
37. Kline R, Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, New York: Guilford Press, 1998.
38. Mott F et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 9).
39. Miller BC, Monson BH and Norton MC, The effects of forced sexual intercourse on white female adolescents, Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995, 19(10):1289-1301; and Neumark-Sztainer D et al., Psychosocial correlates of health compromising behaviors among adolescents, Health Education Research, 1997, 12(1):37-52.
40. Felitti V et al., Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1998, 14(4):245-258.