1. Hofferth SL, Factors affecting initiation of sexual intercourse, in: Hofferth SL and Hayes CE, ed., Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, vol. II, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987, pp. 7–35.
2. Manning WD et al., Adolescents’ involvement in non-romantic sexual activity, Social Science Research, 2005, 34(2):384–407.
3. Miller BC and Moore KA, Adolescent sexual behavior, pregnancy, and parenting: research through the 1980s, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1990, 52(4):1025–1044.
4. Newcomer SF and Udry JR, Adolescent sexual behavior and popularity, Adolescence, 1983, 18(96):515–522.
5. White SD and DeBlassie RR, Adolescent sexual behavior, Adolescence, 1992, 27(105):183–191.
6. Laumann EO et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
7. Lauritsen JL, Explaining race and gender differences in adolescent sexual behavior, Social Forces, 1994, 72(3):859–884.
8. Meschke LL and Silbereisen RK, The influence of puberty, family processes and leisure activities on the timing of first sexual experience, Journal of Adolescence, 1997, 20(4):403–418.
9. Kapinus CA and Gorman BK, Closeness with parents and perceived consequences of pregnancy among male and female adolescents, Sociological Quarterly, 2004, 45(4):691–717.
10. Trent K, Family context and adolescents’ expectations about marriage, fertility, and nonmarital childbearing, Social Science Quarterly, 1994, 75(2):319–339.
11. Davis EC and Friel LV, Adolescent sexuality: disentangling the effects of family structure and family context, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 2001, 63(3):669–681.
12. Moore KA et al., Parental attitudes and the occurrence of early sexual activity, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1986, 48(4): 778–782.
13. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Living arrangements of children: 2001, Current Population Reports, 2005, Series P-70, No. 104.
14. Ganong L and Coleman M, Stepfamily Relationships: Development, Dynamics, and Interventions, New York: Kluwer Academic, 2004.
15. Basen-Engquist K and Parcel GS, Attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy: a model of adolescents’ HIV-related sexual risk behavior, Health Education Quarterly, 1992, 19(2):263–277.
16. Carvajal SC et al., Psychosocial predictors of delay of first sexual intercourse by adolescents, Health Psychology, 1999, 18(5): 443–452.
17. Furstenberg FF et al., Race differences in the timing of adolescent intercourse, American Sociological Review, 1987, 52(4):511–518.
18. Meier AM, Adolescents’ transitions to first intercourse, religiosity, and attitudes about sex, Social Forces, 2003, 81(3): 1031–1052.
19. Gillmore MR et al., Teen sexual behavior: applicability of the theory of reasoned action, Journal of Marriage and Family, 2002, 64(4):885–897.
20. Miller KS et al., Adolescent sexual behavior in two ethnic minority samples: the role of family variables, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1999, 61(1):85–98.
21. Thornton A, Influence of the marital history of parents on the marital cohabitation experience of children, American Journal of Sociology, 1991, 96(4):868–894.
22. Whitbeck LB et al., The effects of divorced mothers’ dating behaviors and sexual attitudes on the sexual attitudes and behaviors of their adolescent children, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1994, 56(3):615–621.
23. Berman SM and Hein K, Adolescents and STDs, in: Holmes KK et al., eds., Sexually Transmitted Diseases, third ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999, pp. 129–142.
24. Moore KA et al., A Statistical Portrait of Adolescent Sex, Contraception, and Childbearing, Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 1998.
25. Billy J et al., Effects of sexual activity on adolescent social and psychological development, Social Psychology Quarterly, 1988, 51(3):190–212.
26. Young EW et al., The effects of family structure on the sexual behavior of adolescents, Adolescence, 1991, 26(104):977–986.
27. Coleman M et al., Perceptions of stepparents: an examination of the incomplete institutionalization and social stigma hypotheses, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 1996, 26(1/2):25–48.
28. Fine MA et al., Consistency in perceptions of the step-parent role among step-parents, parents, and stepchildren, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1998, 15(6):810–828.
29. Fine MA et al., A social constructionist multi-method approach to understanding the stepparent role, in: Hetherington EM, ed., Coping with Divorce, Single Parenting, and Remarriage: A Risk and Resiliency Perspective, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999, pp. 273–294.
30. Resnick MD et al., Protecting adolescents from harm: findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1997, 278(10): 823–832.
31. Thornton A and Camburn D, The influence of the family on premarital sexual attitudes and behavior, Demography, 1987, 24(3): 323–340.
32. Jaccard J and Dittus PJ, Adolescent perceptions of marital approval of birth control and sexual risk behavior, American Journal of Public Health, 2000, 90(9):1426–1431.
33. Jaccard J et al., Maternal correlates of adolescent sexual and contraceptive behavior, Family Planning Perspectives, 1996, 28(4): 159–165.
34. Rodgers KB, Parenting processes related to sexual risk-taking behaviors of adolescent males and females, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1999, 61(1):99–109.
35. Ganong L and Coleman M, How society views stepfamilies, Marriage and Family Review, 1997, 26(1/2):85–106.
36. Bartholet E, Family Bonds: Adoption and the Politics of Parenting, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993.
37. Fisher A, Still "not quite as good as having your own"? toward a sociology of adoption, Annual Review of Sociology, 2003, 29(1): 335–361.
38. Ganong L et al., The effects of using alternate labels in denoting stepparent or stepfamily status, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1990, 5(5):453–463.
39. Wegar K, Adoption, family ideology, and social stigma: bias in community attitudes, adoption research, and practice, Family Relations, 2000, 49(4):363–370.
40. Bray JH, Stepfamilies: the intersection of culture, context, and biology, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1999, 64(4):210–218.
41. Bray JH and Kelly J, Stepfamilies: Love, Marriage, and Parenting in the First Decade, New York: Broadway Books, 1998.
42. Bulcroft R et al., Family structure and patterns of independence giving to adolescents, Journal of Family Issues, 1998, 19(4):404–435.
43. Marsiglio W, Stepdads: Stories of Love, Hope, and Repair, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.
44. Sturgess W et al., Young children’s perceptions of their relationships with family members: links with family setting, friendships, and adjustment, International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2001, 25(6):521–529.
45. Zill N, Understanding why children in stepfamilies have more learning and behavior problems than children in nuclear families, in: Booth A and Dunn J, eds., Stepfamilies: Who Benefits? Who Does Not? Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994, pp. 97–105.
46. Fisher T, A comparison of various measures of family sexual communication: psychometric properties, validity, and behavioral correlates, Journal of Sex Research, 1993, 30(3):229–238.
47. Werner-Wilson RJ, Gender differences in adolescent sexual attitudes: the influence of individual and family factors, Adolescence, 1998, 33(131):519–531.
48. Crouter AC et al., The family context of gender intensification in early adolescence, Child Development, 1995, 66(2):317–329.
49. Lamb ME, The Father’s Role: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987.
50. Snyder DK et al., Parental influence on gender and marital role attitudes: implications for intervention, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 1997, 23(2):191–201.
51. Hetherington EM and Clingempeel WG, Coping with marital transitions: a family systems perspective, Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 1992, 57(2/3):1–238.
52. Zaslow MJ, Sex differences in children’s response to parental divorce: samples, variables, ages, and sources, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1989, 59(1):118–141.
53. Risch SC et al., Role of the father-adolescent relationship in shaping adolescents’ attitudes toward divorce, Journal of Marriage and Family, 2004, 66(1):46–58.
54. Chantala K and Tabor J, Strategies to Perform a Design-Based Analysis Using the Add Health Data, Chapel Hill, NC: Carolina Population Center, 1999, <http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/ addhealth/strategies.html>, accessed Jan. 10, 2001.
55. Lansford JE et al., Does family structure matter? a comparison of adoptive, two-parent biological, single-mother, stepfather, and stepmother households, Journal of Marriage and Family, 2001, 63(3):840–852.